āļ§ัāļ™āļ­āļēāļ—ิāļ•āļĒ์āļ—ี่ 12 āđ€āļĄāļĐāļēāļĒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2569

Open-Angle Glaucoma (OAG)

Open-Angle Glaucoma (OAG)

🔑 Definition

  • Glaucoma = optic neuropathy (āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่āđāļ„่āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ”ัāļ™āļ•āļēāļŠูāļ‡)
  • āļĨัāļāļĐāļ“āļ°āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ:
    • progressive retinal ganglion cell loss
    • visual field defect (āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄ peripheral central)
    • irreversible blindness āļŦāļēāļāđ„āļĄ่āļĢัāļāļĐāļē

🧎 Classification (āļŠāļĢุāļ›āđƒāļŠ้āļ‡āļēāļ™)

  • Open-angle glaucoma (OAG)
    • āļĄุāļĄāđ€āļ›ิāļ”āļ›āļāļ•ิ āđāļ•่āļĄี optic nerve damage
  • Angle-closure glaucoma (ACG)
    • āļĄุāļĄāđāļ„āļš/āļ›ิāļ” IOP acute red painful eye (emergency)
  • Primary vs Secondary
    • Secondary: uveitis, steroid, trauma, pseudoexfoliation āļŊāļĨāļŊ

📊 Epidemiology

  • āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•ุāļ­ัāļ™āļ”ัāļš 2 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļēāļšāļ­āļ”āđ‚āļĨāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļ­ัāļ™āļ”ัāļš 1 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ irreversible blindness
  • OAG = type āļ—ี่āļžāļšāļš่āļ­āļĒāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”
  • prevalence āđ€āļžิ่āļĄāļ•āļēāļĄāļ­āļēāļĒุ:
    • <55 āļ›ี <1%
    • 65 āļ›ี ~2%
    • 80 āļ›ี ~4%

⚠️ Risk Factors (High-yield)

  • Age
  • Family history
  • Race (Black > White)
  • Elevated IOP (āđāļ•่āđ„āļĄ่āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļŠูāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­)
  • Others:
    • DM, HTN
    • thin cornea
    • myopia
    • disc hemorrhage
    • low perfusion pressure

👉 Note:

  • ~40% āđ€āļ›็āļ™ normal-tension glaucoma
  • āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ„āļ™ IOP āļŠูāļ‡āđāļ•่ āđ„āļĄ่āđ€āļ›็āļ™ glaucoma IOP = risk factor āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่ diagnostic criteria

⚙️ Pathogenesis (concept āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ)

  • multifactorial:
    • optic nerve vulnerability
    • microvascular insufficiency
    • extracellular matrix abnormality
  • IOP āđ„āļĄ่ correlate āļ•āļĢāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­

ðŸ§ū Clinical Presentation

  • āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่ asymptomatic
  • āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี pain/redness āđāļĄ้ IOP āļŠูāļ‡
  • loss pattern:

1.       peripheral field loss

2.       tunnel vision

3.       central loss (late)

👉 irreversible āđ€āļĄื่āļ­āđ€āļิāļ”āđāļĨ้āļ§


🔍 Diagnosis (Key practical points)

Diagnostic Criteria (AAO)

āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļĄี:

  • optic nerve damage
    • cupping / RNFL (retinal nerve fiber layer) thinning
  • ± visual field defect
  • open angle
  • exclude secondary causes

🔎 Key Investigations

1. Fundoscopy

  • Cupping (C/D ratio >0.5 suspicious)
  • rim thinning / notching
  • asymmetry

2. Visual Field (standard)

  • Automated perimetry = gold standard
  • pattern:
    • arcuate defect
    • nasal step
    • paracentral scotoma

3. IOP

  • normal: 8–21 mmHg
  • ⚠️
    • 1/3–1/2 āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ glaucoma IOP 21
    • 90% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ™ IOP >21 āđ„āļĄ่āđ€āļ›็āļ™ glaucoma

4. OCT (Optical coherence tomography)

  • āđƒāļŠ้āļ”ู RNFL / optic disc (āļŠ่āļ§āļĒ early detection)

ðŸšĻ Referral Criteria (clinical use)

  • IOP >40 emergency
  • IOP 30–40 urgent (within 24 h)
  • IOP 25–29 within 1 week
  • IOP 23–24 repeat/consider refer

🧊 Ocular Hypertension (OHT)

  • IOP āļŠูāļ‡ āđāļ•่āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี optic nerve damage / field loss
  • risk develop glaucoma

Treatment indication (practical)

  • IOP >25 mmHg (2 āļ„āļĢั้āļ‡)
  • āļŦāļĢืāļ­ risk āļŠูāļ‡

Treatment

  • topical:
    • prostaglandin analog
    • beta-blocker
  • laser (āļšāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒ)

🧠 Screening

  • āļĒัāļ‡ controversial
  • practical approach:
    • 40 āļ›ี periodic comprehensive eye exam
    • high-risk āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ–ี่āļ‚ึ้āļ™

🔑 Clinical Pearls

  • Glaucoma = optic neuropathy, āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่āđāļ„่ IOP āļŠูāļ‡
  • asymptomatic āļˆāļ™ late āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ screen
  • visual field loss irreversible
  • normal IOP exclude glaucoma
  • diagnosis = optic nerve + visual field
  • IOP alone āļŦ้āļēāļĄāđƒāļŠ้ screen/diagnose

Treatment

ðŸŽŊ Goals of Therapy

  • āđ€āļ›้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨัāļ: āļ›้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļ™ visual loss āļˆāļēāļ disease progression
  • āļ§ิāļ˜ีāđ€āļ”ีāļĒāļ§āļ—ี่āļžิāļŠูāļˆāļ™์āđ„āļ”้: āļĨāļ” IOP (intraocular pressure)

👉 āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ:

  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļ—ุāļāļ„āļ™āļ—ี่āļĄี optic neuropathy āđāļĄ้ IOP āļ›āļāļ•ิ
  • āļĨāļ” IOP progression ~35% (NNT 7 āđƒāļ™ 5 āļ›ี)

ðŸŽŊ Target IOP (practical use)

  • āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄāļ—ี่ 25–30% āļˆāļēāļ baseline
  • āļ›āļĢัāļšāļ•āļēāļĄ:
    • severity (advanced target āļ•่āļģāļĨāļ‡)
    • progression
    • asymmetry āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļ‡āļ•āļē

ðŸ§Đ Treatment Algorithm (āđƒāļŠ้āļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļĢิāļ‡)

Step 1: First-line

👉 Topical drug OR Laser (SLT)

  • āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļāļ•āļēāļĄ:
    • adherence
    • cost
    • patient preference

💊 Pharmacologic Therapy

First-line: Prostaglandin analog

  • āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ latanoprost, bimatoprost
  • āļ”ีāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ” IOP
  • OD (once daily)
  • āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี systemic SE āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ

SE:

  • conjunctival hyperemia
  • iris pigmentation
  • eyelash growth
  • orbital fat atrophy

ðŸŸĄ Second-line / Alternative

1. Beta-blocker (timolol)

  • āļĨāļ” aqueous production
  • BID

⚠️ āļŦ้āļēāļĄāđƒāļŠ้āđƒāļ™:

  • asthma / COPD
  • bradycardia / heart block

SE systemic:

  • bronchospasm
  • bradycardia
  • depression

2. Alpha-agonist (brimonidine)

  • production + outflow
  • SE:
    • allergic conjunctivitis
    • hyperemia

3. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

  • dorzolamide, brinzolamide
  • efficacy āļ•่āļģāļāļ§่āļē

4. Rho kinase inhibitor (netarsudil)

  • trabecular outflow
  • efficacy < prostaglandin āđ€āļĨ็āļāļ™้āļ­āļĒ

Combination Therapy

  • āđƒāļŠ้āđ€āļĄื่āļ­:
    • monotherapy āđ„āļĄ่āļžāļ­
  • fixed combination adherence

ðŸ”Ķ Laser Therapy (SLT)

  • mechanism: aqueous outflow
  • efficacy eye drops
  • āļ‚้āļ­āļ”ี:
    • āļĨāļ” need for meds
    • adherence āđ„āļĄ่āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ›ัāļāļŦāļē

👉 Study āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ:

  • ~78% āđ„āļĄ่āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŠ้āļĒāļēāđƒāļ™ 3 āļ›ี

āļ‚้āļ­āļˆāļģāļัāļ”:

  • effect āļ­āļĒู่ ~1–5 āļ›ี
  • āļ­āļēāļˆāļ•้āļ­āļ‡ repeat

🔊 Surgery

Indications

  • severe disease āļ•ั้āļ‡āđāļ•่āđāļĢāļ
  • failure āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ meds + laser

Types

  • Trabeculectomy (gold standard)
  • Shunt (valve)
  • MIGS (less invasive)

Complications

  • cataract
  • hypotony
  • infection

🔁 Monitoring

Follow-up

  • stable āļ—ุāļ 6 āđ€āļ”ืāļ­āļ™
  • progressing āļ—ุāļ 1–3 āđ€āļ”ืāļ­āļ™

Monitor:

  • IOP
  • optic disc
  • visual field
  • ± OCT

⚠️ Key Clinical Issues

1. Poor adherence (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ)

  • ~25% āđ„āļĄ่āļิāļ™āļĒāļē
  • āđāļ้āđ‚āļ”āļĒ:
    • simplify regimen
    • fixed combination
    • consider SLT

2. Steroid-induced glaucoma

  • steroid (topical/systemic) IOP
  • risk āļŠูāļ‡āđƒāļ™ glaucoma

👉 practical:

  • <2 weeks safe
  • 2 weeks āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ follow-up IOP

3. Drug interactions (āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļĢู้)

  • Open-angle glaucoma
    • anticholinergic / sympathomimetic generally safe
  • Angle-closure
    • āļŦ้āļēāļĄ (trigger acute attack)

🧠 Clinical Pearls

  • treat based on optic nerve damage, not IOP
  • prostaglandin = first-line
  • SLT = alternative first-line
  • target IOP āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ individualized
  • disease asymptomatic adherence āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”
  • progression āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ “lower target IOP āđ€āļžิ่āļĄ”

āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™:

āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™