Open-Angle Glaucoma (OAG)
ð Definition
- Glaucoma
= optic neuropathy (āđāļĄ่āđāļ่āđāļ่āđāļĢāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļัāļāļāļēāļŠูāļ)
- āļĨัāļāļĐāļāļ°āļŠāļģāļัāļ:
- progressive
retinal ganglion cell loss
- → visual field defect
(āđāļĢิ่āļĄ peripheral →
central)
- → irreversible blindness āļŦāļēāļāđāļĄ่āļĢัāļāļĐāļē
ð§Ž Classification (āļŠāļĢุāļāđāļ้āļāļēāļ)
- Open-angle
glaucoma (OAG)
- āļĄุāļĄāđāļิāļāļāļāļิ āđāļ่āļĄี optic nerve damage
- Angle-closure
glaucoma (ACG)
- āļĄุāļĄāđāļāļ/āļิāļ → ↑IOP
→ acute red painful
eye (emergency)
- Primary
vs Secondary
- Secondary:
uveitis, steroid, trauma, pseudoexfoliation āļŊāļĨāļŊ
ð Epidemiology
- āļŠāļēāđāļŦāļุāļัāļāļัāļ 2 āļāļāļāļāļēāļāļāļāđāļĨāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļัāļāļัāļ 1 āļāļāļ irreversible
blindness
- OAG =
type āļี่āļāļāļ่āļāļĒāļี่āļŠุāļ
- prevalence
āđāļิ่āļĄāļāļēāļĄāļāļēāļĒุ:
- <55
āļี <1%
- 65 āļี ~2%
- 80 āļี ~4%
⚠️ Risk Factors (High-yield)
- Age
↑
- Family
history
- Race
(Black > White)
- Elevated
IOP (āđāļ่āđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļ็āļāļ้āļāļāļŠูāļāđāļŠāļĄāļ)
- Others:
- DM,
HTN
- thin
cornea
- myopia
- disc
hemorrhage
- low
perfusion pressure
ð Note:
- ~40% āđāļ็āļ normal-tension glaucoma
- āđāļĨāļ°āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļ IOP āļŠูāļāđāļ่ āđāļĄ่āđāļ็āļ glaucoma
→ IOP = risk factor āđāļĄ่āđāļ่ diagnostic criteria
⚙️ Pathogenesis (concept āļŠāļģāļัāļ)
- multifactorial:
- optic
nerve vulnerability
- microvascular
insufficiency
- extracellular
matrix abnormality
- IOP āđāļĄ่ correlate āļāļĢāļāđāļŠāļĄāļ
ð§ū Clinical Presentation
- āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่ asymptomatic
- āđāļĄ่āļĄี pain/redness āđāļĄ้ IOP āļŠูāļ
- loss
pattern:
1.
peripheral field loss
2.
→
tunnel vision
3.
→
central loss (late)
ð irreversible āđāļĄื่āļāđāļิāļāđāļĨ้āļ§
ð Diagnosis (Key
practical points)
✅ Diagnostic Criteria (AAO)
āļ้āļāļāļĄี:
- optic
nerve damage
- cupping
/ RNFL (retinal nerve fiber layer) thinning
- ± visual
field defect
- open
angle
- exclude
secondary causes
ðŽ Key Investigations
1. Fundoscopy
- Cupping
(C/D ratio >0.5 suspicious)
- rim
thinning / notching
- asymmetry
2. Visual Field (standard)
- Automated
perimetry = gold standard
- pattern:
- arcuate
defect
- nasal
step
- paracentral
scotoma
3. IOP
- normal:
8–21 mmHg
- ⚠️
- 1/3–1/2
āļāļāļ glaucoma →
IOP ≤21
- 90%
āļāļāļāļāļ IOP >21 →
āđāļĄ่āđāļ็āļ glaucoma
4. OCT (Optical coherence tomography)
- āđāļ้āļู RNFL / optic disc (āļ่āļ§āļĒ early
detection)
ðĻ Referral Criteria
(clinical use)
- IOP
>40 → emergency
- IOP
30–40 → urgent
(within 24 h)
- IOP
25–29 → within 1 week
- IOP
23–24 →
repeat/consider refer
ð§Š Ocular Hypertension
(OHT)
- IOP
āļŠูāļ āđāļ่āđāļĄ่āļĄี optic nerve damage / field loss
- risk
→ develop glaucoma
Treatment indication (practical)
- IOP
>25 mmHg (≥2 āļāļĢั้āļ)
- āļŦāļĢืāļ risk āļŠูāļ
Treatment
- topical:
- prostaglandin
analog
- beta-blocker
- laser
(āļāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒ)
ð§ Screening
- āļĒัāļ controversial
- practical
approach:
- 40 āļี → periodic comprehensive eye exam
- high-risk
→ āļāļĢāļ§āļāļี่āļึ้āļ
|
ð Clinical Pearls
|
Treatment
ðŊ Goals of Therapy
- āđāļ้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨัāļ: āļ้āļāļāļัāļ visual loss āļāļēāļ
disease progression
- āļ§ิāļีāđāļีāļĒāļ§āļี่āļิāļŠูāļāļ์āđāļ้: āļĨāļ IOP (intraocular
pressure)
ð āļŠāļģāļัāļ:
- āļ้āļāļāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļุāļāļāļāļี่āļĄี optic neuropathy āđāļĄ้ IOP
āļāļāļิ
- āļĨāļ IOP →
↓ progression ~35%
(NNT ≈ 7 āđāļ 5 āļี)
ðŊ Target IOP (practical
use)
- āđāļĢิ่āļĄāļี่ ↓
25–30% āļāļēāļ baseline
- āļāļĢัāļāļāļēāļĄ:
- severity
(advanced → target āļ่āļģāļĨāļ)
- progression
- asymmetry
āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļāļāļē
ð§Đ Treatment Algorithm (āđāļ้āļāļēāļāļāļĢิāļ)
Step 1: First-line
ð Topical drug OR
Laser (SLT)
- āđāļĨืāļāļāļāļēāļĄ:
- adherence
- cost
- patient
preference
ð Pharmacologic Therapy
⭐ First-line: Prostaglandin
analog
- āđāļ่āļ latanoprost, bimatoprost
- āļีāļี่āļŠุāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ IOP
- OD
(once daily)
- āđāļĄ่āļĄี systemic SE āļŠāļģāļัāļ
SE:
- conjunctival
hyperemia
- iris
pigmentation ↑
- eyelash
growth
- orbital
fat atrophy
ðĄ Second-line /
Alternative
1. Beta-blocker (timolol)
- āļĨāļ aqueous production
- BID
⚠️ āļŦ้āļēāļĄāđāļ้āđāļ:
- asthma
/ COPD
- bradycardia
/ heart block
SE systemic:
- bronchospasm
- bradycardia
- depression
2. Alpha-agonist (brimonidine)
- ↓ production + ↑ outflow
- SE:
- allergic
conjunctivitis
- hyperemia
3. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
- dorzolamide,
brinzolamide
- efficacy
āļ่āļģāļāļ§่āļē
4. Rho kinase inhibitor (netarsudil)
- ↑ trabecular outflow
- efficacy
< prostaglandin āđāļĨ็āļāļ้āļāļĒ
➕ Combination Therapy
- āđāļ้āđāļĄื่āļ:
- monotherapy
āđāļĄ่āļāļ
- fixed
combination → ↑ adherence
ðĶ Laser Therapy (SLT)
- mechanism:
↑ aqueous outflow
- efficacy
≈
eye drops
- āļ้āļāļี:
- āļĨāļ need for meds
- adherence
āđāļĄ่āđāļ็āļāļัāļāļŦāļē
ð Study āļŠāļģāļัāļ:
- ~78% āđāļĄ่āļ้āļāļāđāļ้āļĒāļēāđāļ 3 āļี
āļ้āļāļāļģāļัāļ:
- effect
āļāļĒู่ ~1–5 āļี
- āļāļēāļāļ้āļāļ repeat
ðŠ Surgery
Indications
- severe
disease āļั้āļāđāļ่āđāļĢāļ
- failure
āļāļāļ meds + laser
Types
- Trabeculectomy
(gold standard)
- Shunt
(valve)
- MIGS
(less invasive)
Complications
- cataract
- hypotony
- infection
ð Monitoring
Follow-up
- stable
→ āļุāļ 6
āđāļืāļāļ
- progressing
→ āļุāļ 1–3
āđāļืāļāļ
Monitor:
- IOP
- optic
disc
- visual
field
- ±
OCT
⚠️ Key Clinical Issues
1. Poor adherence (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
- ~25%
āđāļĄ่āļิāļāļĒāļē
- āđāļ้āđāļāļĒ:
- simplify
regimen
- fixed
combination
- consider
SLT
2. Steroid-induced glaucoma
- steroid
(topical/systemic) → ↑IOP
- risk
āļŠูāļāđāļ glaucoma
ð practical:
- <2
weeks → safe
- 2
weeks → āļ้āļāļ
follow-up IOP
3. Drug interactions (āļ้āļāļāļĢู้)
- Open-angle
glaucoma
- anticholinergic
/ sympathomimetic →
generally safe
- Angle-closure
- āļŦ้āļēāļĄ (trigger acute attack)
ð§ Clinical Pearls
- treat
based on optic nerve damage, not IOP
- prostaglandin
= first-line
- SLT
= alternative first-line
- target
IOP āļ้āļāļ individualized
- disease
asymptomatic →
adherence āļŠāļģāļัāļāļี่āļŠุāļ
- progression
→ āļ้āļāļ “lower
target IOP āđāļิ่āļĄ”
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ