Angle-Closure Glaucoma
🔑 Definition
- glaucoma
= optic neuropathy + cupping ± ↑IOP
- Angle-closure
glaucoma (ACG) = anterior chamber angle แคบ/ปิด
→ ↓ aqueous outflow → ↑IOP → optic nerve damage
🧩 Classification
1. Primary angle-closure
- anatomical
predisposition (lens forward, narrow angle)
2. Secondary angle-closure
- “pulling”
(neovascularization, fibrosis)
- “pushing”
(tumor, lens, topiramate, choroidal effusion)
⚠️ Risk Factors (ต้องจำ)
- age
>60
- female
- hyperopia
- Asian
/ Inuit
- family
history
- drugs
(anticholinergic, sympathomimetic, topiramate)
⚙️ Pathophysiology (high-yield)
- pupillary
block
→ aqueous trapped posterior to iris
→ iris bow forward
→ angle closure
👉 chronic → scarring trabecular meshwork
🚨 Clinical Presentation
🔥 Acute angle-closure
(EMERGENCY)
Symptoms
- severe
eye pain
- ↓ vision
- halos
- headache
- nausea/vomiting
Signs
- red
eye
- corneal
edema (cloudy)
- mid-dilated
pupil (4–6 mm)
- shallow
anterior chamber
- IOP มัก >30–40 mmHg
🟡 Chronic angle-closure
- asymptomatic
- gradual
visual field loss
- diagnosis
ช้า → damage มาก
🔬 Diagnosis
Gold standard
- Gonioscopy
Supporting
- IOP
- slit
lamp
- optic
disc
- visual
field
⚠️ ห้าม dilate
pupil ก่อนรักษา
🔁 Differential (red eye)
- conjunctivitis
- keratitis
- uveitis
- hyphema
👉 clue:
- pain
+ N/V + mid-dilated pupil
🔪 Management
(step-by-step)
🚨 Acute Angle-Closure (ต้องทำทันที)
1. Immediate referral (ดีที่สุด)
- ophthalmology
urgent
2. ถ้ารอ >1 ชม. → เริ่มรักษา
💊 Initial regimen
- Timolol
0.5%
- Apraclonidine
1%
- Pilocarpine
2%
- Acetazolamide
500 mg PO/IV
👉 check IOP ใน 30–60 นาที
3. Refractory
- repeat
drops
- ±
mannitol (โดย ophtho)
- ±
anterior chamber paracentesis
4. Definitive treatment
⭐ Laser Peripheral Iridotomy
(LPI)
- ทำ hole ใน iris → bypass pupillary block
👉 ต้องทำทั้ง:
- affected
eye
- fellow
eye (prophylaxis)
🟡 Chronic Angle-Closure
- LPI ก่อน
- ถ้ายัง IOP สูง → treat
แบบ open-angle (med/surgery)
🔧 Secondary Angle-Closure
- treat
cause:
- tumor
- uveitis
- drug-induced
- control
IOP
🔪 Surgical Options
- iridotomy
/ iridectomy
- cataract
surgery (lens removal →
widen angle)
- goniosynechialysis
👉 lens extraction อาจได้ผลดีกว่า LPI ในบาง case
🧠 Clinical Pearls
- acute
ACG = true emergency (blindness in hours–days)
- triad:
- pain
- red
eye
- mid-dilated
pupil
- ห้าม dilate pupil ก่อนรักษา
- ต้องรักษา ทั้งสองตา
- chronic
ACG → silent but
severe damage
- drug-induced
ACG (topiramate!) ต้องคิดเสมอ
🔑 One-line summary
👉 “Red painful eye +
mid-dilated pupil = treat as angle-closure until proven otherwise”