Preoperative Prehabilitation
🎯 Definition
Prehabilitation = การ
“เตรียมผู้ป่วยก่อนผ่าตัด” เพื่อเพิ่ม physiologic reserve
→ improve postoperative
recovery
Core concept (NEW):
- N
= Nutrition
- E
= Exercise (physical + cognitive)
- W
= Worry (stress reduction)
- + Smoking
cessation
🧠 Key principles
- เป็น patient-driven intervention
- ต้องใช้เวลา (≈ ≥4
weeks)
- อาจต้อง delay elective surgery เพื่อ optimize
📊 Outcomes (evidence
overview)
- ↓ postoperative
complications (OR ~0.5–0.6)
- ↓ LOS
- ↑ functional recovery
- ↑ discharge home
⚠️ Evidence ยัง low–very
low certainty (heterogeneous)
🔴 Who should get
prehabilitation? (High-yield)
1. High-risk patients
- Age ≥65
- Frailty
(สำคัญที่สุด)
- Poor
functional capacity
- Cancer
patients
- Multiple
comorbidities
2. High-risk surgery
- GI /
colorectal / esophageal
- Thoracic
(lung resection)
- Cardiac
surgery
- Urologic
/ gynecologic cancer surgery
🟢 Core components
1. 🥗 Nutrition
- screen
malnutrition
- protein
supplementation
- immunonutrition
👉 recommended:
- ≥5–7
days before surgery
- longer
if malnourished
2. 🚭 Smoking cessation
- ideal:
≥4–8 weeks
- ↓ pulmonary complications
significantly
3. 🏋️ Physical exercise (สำคัญมาก)
Screening
- age
>70
- frailty
- inactivity
- chronic
disease
Assessment tools
- gait
speed
- 6-minute
walk test (6MWT)
- handgrip
strength
- CPET
(Cardiopulmonary exercise testing) (if available)
Training components
- aerobic
- resistance
- balance
- inspiratory
muscle training (IMT)
👉 IMT สำคัญใน:
- COPD
- obesity
- thoracic/abdominal
surgery
Outcomes
- ↓ complications ~50% (บาง studies)
- ↓ pulmonary complications
- ↑ functional capacity
4. 🧠 Cognitive training
- evidence
ยังจำกัด
- อาจช่วย ↓ delirium
5. 🧘 Stress reduction
- CBT
/ relaxation / meditation
- ลด anxiety →
improve recovery experience
🟡 Frailty (critical
concept)
- predictor:
- mortality
↑
- complications
↑
- delirium
↑
- สำคัญกว่า “age”
👉 frail patient:
- ต้องใช้เวลานานขึ้นในการ prehab
- individualized
program
🔵 Clinical implementation
Timing
- ideal:
≥4
weeks
- longer
if frail
Multimodal > unimodal
- combination:
- exercise
+ nutrition + psychological
→ best outcomes
Multidisciplinary
- surgeon
- anesthesiologist
- rehab
team
- nutritionist
⚠️ Limitations
- heterogeneity
สูง
- protocol
ไม่ standardized
- resource-intensive
🔥 Clinical pearls
- 🏃
“Prehab = training before surgery”
- 🧓
Frailty = target population
- ⏳
ต้องมีเวลา → elective case เท่านั้น
- 🫁
Exercise + IMT → ลด pulmonary complication ดีสุด
- 🥩
Nutrition สำคัญเทียบเท่า exercise
- 🧠
Psychological readiness →
overlooked factor
🧭 Take-home message
Prehabilitation = “increase reserve before stress”
👉 เป้าหมาย:
- เปลี่ยน high-risk →
lower-risk patient
- improve
recovery มากกว่ารักษาภายหลัง