วันเสาร์ที่ 25 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2569

Preoperative Prehabilitation

Preoperative Prehabilitation

🎯 Definition

Prehabilitation = การ “เตรียมผู้ป่วยก่อนผ่าตัด” เพื่อเพิ่ม physiologic reserve
improve postoperative recovery

Core concept (NEW):

  • N = Nutrition
  • E = Exercise (physical + cognitive)
  • W = Worry (stress reduction)
  • + Smoking cessation

🧠 Key principles

  • เป็น patient-driven intervention
  • ต้องใช้เวลา ( 4 weeks)
  • อาจต้อง delay elective surgery เพื่อ optimize

📊 Outcomes (evidence overview)

  • postoperative complications (OR ~0.5–0.6)
  • LOS
  • functional recovery
  • discharge home

⚠️ Evidence ยัง low–very low certainty (heterogeneous)


🔴 Who should get prehabilitation? (High-yield)

1. High-risk patients

  • Age 65
  • Frailty (สำคัญที่สุด)
  • Poor functional capacity
  • Cancer patients
  • Multiple comorbidities

2. High-risk surgery

  • GI / colorectal / esophageal
  • Thoracic (lung resection)
  • Cardiac surgery
  • Urologic / gynecologic cancer surgery

🟢 Core components

1. 🥗 Nutrition

  • screen malnutrition
  • protein supplementation
  • immunonutrition

👉 recommended:

  • 5–7 days before surgery
  • longer if malnourished

2. 🚭 Smoking cessation

  • ideal: 4–8 weeks
  • pulmonary complications significantly

3. 🏋️ Physical exercise (สำคัญมาก)

Screening

  • age >70
  • frailty
  • inactivity
  • chronic disease

Assessment tools

  • gait speed
  • 6-minute walk test (6MWT)
  • handgrip strength
  • CPET (Cardiopulmonary exercise testing) (if available)

Training components

  • aerobic
  • resistance
  • balance
  • inspiratory muscle training (IMT)

👉 IMT สำคัญใน:

  • COPD
  • obesity
  • thoracic/abdominal surgery

Outcomes

  • complications ~50% (บาง studies)
  • pulmonary complications
  • functional capacity

4. 🧠 Cognitive training

  • evidence ยังจำกัด
  • อาจช่วย delirium

5. 🧘 Stress reduction

  • CBT / relaxation / meditation
  • ลด anxiety improve recovery experience

🟡 Frailty (critical concept)

  • predictor:
    • mortality
    • complications
    • delirium
  • สำคัญกว่า “age”

👉 frail patient:

  • ต้องใช้เวลานานขึ้นในการ prehab
  • individualized program

🔵 Clinical implementation

Timing

  • ideal: 4 weeks
  • longer if frail

Multimodal > unimodal

  • combination:
    • exercise + nutrition + psychological
      best outcomes

Multidisciplinary

  • surgeon
  • anesthesiologist
  • rehab team
  • nutritionist

⚠️ Limitations

  • heterogeneity สูง
  • protocol ไม่ standardized
  • resource-intensive

🔥 Clinical pearls

  • 🏃 “Prehab = training before surgery”
  • 🧓 Frailty = target population
  • ต้องมีเวลา elective case เท่านั้น
  • 🫁 Exercise + IMT ลด pulmonary complication ดีสุด
  • 🥩 Nutrition สำคัญเทียบเท่า exercise
  • 🧠 Psychological readiness overlooked factor

🧭 Take-home message

Prehabilitation = “increase reserve before stress”

👉 เป้าหมาย:

  • เปลี่ยน high-risk lower-risk patient
  • improve recovery มากกว่ารักษาภายหลัง

Anesthetic management in older adults (≥65 yr)

Anesthetic management in older adults (65 yr)

🎯 Core concept

  • Aging physiologic reserve ทุกระบบ
  • sensitivity ต่อ anesthetic + complication
  • Frailty + comorbidity สำคัญกว่า “อายุ” เพียงอย่างเดียว

🧠 Physiologic changes (high-yield)

1. CNS

  • sensitivity ต่อยา (propofol, opioid, benzo)
  • MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) ~6%/decade (>40 yr)
  • ventilatory response risk respiratory depression
  • risk delirium / PND

2. Cardiovascular

  • vascular stiffening BP labile
  • baroreflex hypotension easily
  • diastolic dysfunction fluid sensitive
  • AF hemodynamic collapse ได้ง่าย

3. Respiratory

  • lung elasticity + V/Q mismatch
  • PaO baseline
  • risk:
    • hypoxia
    • hypercapnia
    • aspiration

4. Renal / hepatic

  • clearance drug accumulation
  • creatinine อาจ “ดูปกติ” แต่ GFR

5. Pharmacokinetics

  • TBW plasma drug conc
  • fat prolonged drug effect
  • clearance accumulation

👉 สรุป: ต้องลด dose + spacing


🔴 Preoperative assessment (ต้องทำ)

1. Frailty (สำคัญมาก)

  • prevalence ~30–50%
  • predictor:
    • mortality (OR ~6)
    • delirium
    • LOS

2. Cognitive function

  • screen (Mini-Cog / MMSE)
  • baseline for postop comparison

3. Functional capacity

  • poor function cardiac risk

4. Anemia

  • common
  • mortality (even mild anemia)

5. Medication review

  • polypharmacy high risk adverse events

6. Palliative consideration

  • high-risk discuss goals of care

🟡 Premedication

  • Avoid benzodiazepines (delirium)
  • ใช้ multimodal analgesia (acetaminophen, COX-2)

🟢 Choice of anesthesia

  • GA vs regional no clear superiority
  • เลือกตาม:
    • surgery
    • comorbidity
    • cooperation

🔵 INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

1. Dosing principle (สำคัญที่สุด)

  • ลด dose ทุกตัว:
    • induction ~40–50%
    • maintenance
  • เพิ่ม interval dosing
  • ใช้ short-acting drugs

2. Key drugs

Propofol

  • sensitivity ~30%
  • dose 40–50%

Etomidate

  • เหมาะใน unstable hemodynamics

Opioids

  • potency ~2×
  • dose + monitor respiration

Benzodiazepine

  • avoid / minimal

Meperidine / anticholinergic

  • avoid (delirium)

3. Inhalation agents

  • MAC with age (~30% at 90 yr)
  • ต้อง titrate carefully

4. Neuromuscular blocker

  • duration
  • ต้อง monitor + ensure reversal

5. Hemodynamic

  • avoid hypotension (critical)
  • older pts need higher MAP sometimes

6. Temperature

  • risk hypothermia coagulopathy

7. Positioning

  • risk nerve injury / skin breakdown

🔶 POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT

Pain control (balance สำคัญ)

  • opioid:
    • dose
    • titrate slowly
  • ใช้ multimodal:
    • acetaminophen
    • NSAIDs (ระวัง renal / GI / CV)

👉 Pain uncontrolled delirium
👉 opioid excess delirium


Delirium prevention

  • avoid high-risk drugs
  • early mobilization
  • optimize sleep / hydration

⚠️ Major complications

1. Mortality

  • with:
    • frailty
    • emergency surgery
    • heart failure

2. Pulmonary

  • atelectasis, pneumonia, RF

3. AKI

  • risk significantly

4. Delirium

  • 4–55%
  • ~40% ไม่กลับ baseline

🧠 Clinical pearls

  • 👴 “Treat physiology, not age”
  • 📉 Frailty > age ในการทำนาย outcome
  • 💉 ลด dose ยาทุกตัว (rule of thumb)
  • 🫀 BP instability = common + dangerous
  • 🫁 respiratory depression = major risk
  • 🧠 delirium = common + preventable

🧭 Take-home message

Older adults = high-risk physiology + high drug sensitivity

👉 key strategy:

  • careful preop assessment (frailty + cognition)
  • conservative dosing
  • strict hemodynamic control
  • delirium prevention

Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders (PND)

Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders (PND)

🎯 Definition (สำคัญมาก)

PND = cognitive / behavioral / affective change ช่วง perioperative
ประกอบด้วย:

1.       Preexisting cognitive impairment

2.       Postoperative delirium

3.       Delayed neurocognitive recovery (30 วัน)

4.       Neurocognitive disorder (postoperative) (12 เดือน)


📊 Epidemiology

  • Delirium:
    • สูงใน elderly (>65 yr): 4–55%
  • Delayed recovery: 17–43%
  • Persistent NCD: ~12% ใน major surgery

⚠️ Clinical types

1. Postoperative delirium

  • hallmark:
    • attention + altered consciousness
  • subtype:
    • hyperactive (agitation)
    • hypoactive (พบบ่อยกว่า)

👉 Hypoactive = underdiagnosed


2. Delayed neurocognitive recovery

  • 30 วัน
  • ส่วนใหญ่ recover

3. NCD (postoperative)

  • 30 วัน ถึง 12 เดือน
  • mild brain fog
  • major dementia-like

🧬 Pathophysiology

  • Systemic inflammation neuroinflammation
  • brain vulnerability (aging / dementia) amplified response

🔴 Risk factors (High yield)

Patient-related

  • Age >65 (strongest)
  • Preexisting cognitive impairment
  • Frailty
  • Alcohol
  • Polypharmacy
  • DM, vascular disease, stroke
  • Sleep disturbance

Surgery-related

  • Major surgery (cardiac, ortho, abdominal)
  • Long duration
  • complexity

Others

  • Institutional factors (care quality)

🟢 PREOPERATIVE

1. Cognitive screening (สำคัญ)

  • Mini-Cog / MMSE
  • CAM (Confusion Assessment Method) baseline
  • สอบถาม family

👉 ใช้เป็น baseline + risk stratification


2. Risk stratification

  • Identify high-risk implement prevention bundle

3. Counseling

  • แจ้งผู้ป่วย + ญาติ:
    • risk delirium / cognitive decline
    • prognosis

4. Cognitive prehabilitation

  • evidence ยังไม่ชัด

🟡 INTRAOPERATIVE

1. Avoid excessive anesthetic depth

  • ใช้:
    • ETAC (end-tidal anesthetic concentration) (MAC (minimum alveolar concentration)-adjusted)
    • EEG / BIS monitoring

👉 avoid:

  • burst suppression
  • deep anesthesia

2. Avoid hypotension

  • Target:
    • MAP 65 mmHg
    • within ±20% baseline

👉 MAP <55 mmHg delirium risk


3. Avoid cerebral desaturation

  • rSO (regional cerebral oxygen saturation) monitoring (selected cases)

4. Sedation strategy

  • Avoid oversedation (especially regional anesthesia)

5. Drug-related risks

🚫 High risk drugs

  • Benzodiazepines
  • Gabapentinoids
  • Anticholinergics
  • Meperidine
  • Diphenhydramine

⚠️ Opioids

  • both:
    • overdose delirium
    • undertreated pain delirium

👉 ต้อง balance


🟢 Potentially protective

  • NSAIDs / COX-2 inhibitors
  • Acetaminophen
  • Dexmedetomidine (evidence supportive)

6. Anesthetic technique

  • GA vs regional no clear superiority
  • TIVA vs inhalation similar delirium risk

🔵 POSTOPERATIVE

1. Prevention bundle (สำคัญที่สุด)

  • Reorientation
  • Early mobilization
  • Sleep hygiene
  • Hydration
  • Avoid restraints
  • Use glasses/hearing aids
  • Pain control (opioid-sparing)

2. Screening

  • CAM / CAM-ICU / 3D-CAM

3. Management

Delirium

  • treat reversible causes:
    • drug
    • infection
    • metabolic
  • severe agitation:
    • haloperidol low dose

Cognitive decline

  • ไม่มี specific treatment
  • refer:
    • geriatrics / neurology

🔥 Prognosis (ต้องจำ)

  • Delirium mortality + LOS
  • risk dementia
  • ~40% ไม่กลับ baseline

🧠 Clinical pearls

  • 🧓 Age + baseline cognition = strongest predictors
  • 💤 Sleep disturbance major trigger
  • 💊 Benzodiazepine = avoid in elderly
  • 🩸 Hypotension + cerebral hypoxia = preventable causes
  • 🧠 Hypoactive delirium = miss easily ต้อง screen
  • 🔁 Delirium = often reversible treat cause

🧭 Take-home message

PND = “brain complication of surgery”
prevention สำคัญกว่า treatment

เน้น:

  • identify high-risk
  • optimize intraop physiology
  • multidisciplinary postoperative care

 

Perioperative Blood Management (PBM)

Perioperative Blood Management (PBM)

🎯 Core concept

  • PBM = patient-centered + evidence-based + multidisciplinary
  • เป้าหมายหลัก:
    • ลดการให้ allogeneic transfusion
    • ลด morbidity / mortality / infection / LOS
    • optimize “patient’s own blood”

🧠 Framework: 3 pillars

1. Optimize RBC mass (แก้ anemia)

2. Minimize blood loss

3. Optimize tolerance to anemia


🟢 PREOPERATIVE

1. Screening & risk assessment

  • ทำ CBC ใน major surgery (500 mL blood loss)
  • Hb <13 g/dL evaluate anemia
  • ตรวจ coagulation เฉพาะเมื่อสงสัย bleeding disorder
  • Review anticoagulant/antiplatelet

2. Management of anemia (Key point)

  • Anemia = independent risk for morbidity + transfusion
  • พิจารณา delay elective surgery ถ้าแก้ได้

Causes ที่พบบ่อย

  • Iron deficiency (พบบ่อยมาก)
  • Chronic disease/inflammation
  • B12 / folate deficiency

3. Iron therapy

  • First-line = iron (ไม่ใช่ transfusion)
  • Oral iron ใช้เวลาเป็นเดือน
  • IV iron ใช้เมื่อ <4–6 weeks หรือดูดซึมไม่ได้

👉 IV iron mortality + morbidity vs RBC transfusion


4. Erythropoietin (EPO)

Indication

  • Hb <12–13 g/dL + major surgery
  • CKD
  • refuse transfusion

Dose

  • 40,000 U weekly × 3 weeks (+ iron)

Risk

  • VTE, HTN

5. Platelet / coagulation

  • Platelet target:
    • 50k major surgery
    • 100k neuro/eye
  • ITP steroid / IVIG
  • Liver disease complex (bleeding + thrombosis)

6. Medication management

  • Stop anticoagulant / antiplatelet ตาม risk balance
  • consider reversal ถ้าจำเป็น

7. Consent

  • ต้อง clarify:
    • รับ/ไม่รับ blood
    • acceptable alternatives (e.g. ANH-acute normovolemic hemodilution)

🔴 EMERGENCY

  • ไม่มีเวลาแก้ anemia transfuse ตาม clinical
  • Massive bleeding goal-directed transfusion
  • Anticoagulant reversal:
    • Warfarin PCC + Vitamin K
    • DOAC specific reversal

🟡 INTRAOPERATIVE

1. Transfusion threshold

  • Restrictive strategy
    • Hb <7–8 g/dL (ทั่วไป)

2. Fluid strategy

  • Maintain normovolemia
  • หลีกเลี่ยง excess crystalloid dilutional coagulopathy

3. Blood conservation techniques

🔹 Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH)

  • เก็บเลือดก่อนผ่าตัดและให้ IVF แทน เลือดที่เสียตอนผ่าตัดจะเป็น diluted blood
  • ใช้ใน case expected blood loss 1000 mL

🔹 Cell salvage

  • เก็บเลือดที่เสียแล้ว reinfuse
  • useful มากใน high blood loss surgery

4. Temperature control

  • Hypothermia coagulopathy
  • clotting enzyme + platelet function
  • even 1°C blood loss ~20%

5. Hemostasis adjuncts

Antifibrinolytics (สำคัญมาก)

  • Tranexamic acid (TXA) standard in many surgeries

DDAVP

  • ใช้ใน:
    • VWD
    • mild hemophilia A
    • uremic platelet dysfunction

🔵 POSTOPERATIVE

1. Monitor bleeding

  • Early detection re-exploration if needed

2. Restrictive transfusion

  • same threshold (Hb <7–8)

3. Minimize iatrogenic blood loss

  • ลด phlebotomy
  • ใช้ small tubes

4. Postoperative anemia

Causes

  • blood loss
  • hemodilution
  • inflammation EPO

Management

  • Treat cause
  • Iron (IV preferred)
  • transfusion ถ้า:
    • Hb <7–8
    • symptomatic anemia
    • hemodynamic instability

🔥 Clinical pearls (High-yield)

  • 🩸 Iron deficiency treat before surgery ALWAYS
  • ถ้ามีเวลา delay elective surgery เพื่อแก้ anemia
  • Transfusion treatment of iron deficiency
  • 🌡️ Hypothermia = major hidden cause of bleeding
  • 💉 TXA = cornerstone in modern surgery
  • 📉 Restrictive transfusion better outcomes
  • 🧪 Avoid routine coag test ถ้าไม่มี indication

🧭 Big picture takeaway

“Best transfusion = the one you never have to give”
PBM เน้น anticipate + prevent + optimize physiology