Central Venous Access (CVC)
Overview
Central venous access คือการใส่ catheter
เข้า central vein เช่น
- SVC
- IJV
- Subclavian
vein
- Femoral
vein
- Iliac
vein
- IVC
ใช้สำหรับ:
- Infusion
- Hemodynamic
monitoring
- Extracorporeal
therapies
- Device
insertion
Types of Central Venous Catheters
ตาม duration
Short-term
- Nontunneled
CVC
Mid/Long-term
- PICC
- Tunneled
catheter
- Implanted
port
Types by insertion site
- Internal
jugular vein (IJV)
- Subclavian
vein (SCV)
- Femoral
vein
- Basilic/Cephalic
vein (PICC)
Indications
1. Difficult peripheral access
- Shock
- Obesity
- Burns
- Chronic
illness
- Frequent
blood draw
2. Infusion incompatible with peripheral vein
ได้แก่:
- Vasopressors
- Hyperosmolar
solution
- TPN
- Chemotherapy
- Irritant
medications
3. Hemodynamic monitoring
ใช้วัด:
- CVP
- ScvO₂
- Pulmonary
artery pressures
4. Extracorporeal therapies
เช่น:
- Hemodialysis
- CRRT
- ECMO
- Plasmapheresis
5. Device insertion
เช่น:
- Pulmonary
artery catheter
- Pacemaker
- ICD
- IVC
filter
Site Selection
เลือกตาม:
- Operator
experience
- Ultrasound
availability
- Anatomy
- Coagulopathy
- Infection
risk
- Pneumothorax
risk
- Need/duration
of access
Comparison of Sites
|
Site |
Advantages |
Disadvantages |
|
Internal jugular |
Easy US guidance |
Less comfortable |
|
Subclavian |
Lower infection |
Pneumothorax, hard compression |
|
Femoral |
Fast, easy during CPR |
Higher infection/DVT |
|
PICC |
Long-term use |
Thrombosis |
Internal Jugular Vein (IJV)
Advantages
- Easily
visualized with ultrasound
- Compressible
- Lower
pneumothorax risk than SCV
Disadvantages
- Patient
discomfort
- Infection
> subclavian
- Carotid
puncture possible
Subclavian Vein
Advantages
- Lowest
infection rate
- Comfortable
- Stable
fixation
Disadvantages
- Pneumothorax
risk
- Difficult
compression
- Avoid
in severe coagulopathy
Femoral Vein
Advantages
- Fastest
access
- No
pneumothorax
- Useful
during CPR/shock
Disadvantages
- Highest
infection/DVT risk
- Difficult
mobilization
Ultrasound Guidance
Strongly recommended
Benefits:
- ↑ first-pass success
- ↓ attempts
- ↓ arterial puncture
- ↓ hematoma
- ↓ pneumothorax
- ↓ procedure time
Ultrasound benefits by site
IJV
Major benefit demonstrated clearly
Arterial puncture:
ลดจาก ~9.4% →
2%
Complications:
ลดจาก ~13.5% →
3.4%
Femoral
First-pass success:
84% vs 46% (US vs landmark)
Subclavian/Axillary
ลด:
- Arterial
puncture
- Hematoma
- Pleural
complications
General Preparation
Monitoring
ควรมี:
- ECG
monitoring
- Pulse
oximetry
- Oxygen
available
Positioning
Trendelenburg position
ช่วย:
- Distend
vein
- ลด air embolism
แต่ระวัง:
- Respiratory
compromise
- Obesity
- Elevated
ICP
Sterile Technique
Full maximal barrier precautions:
- Sterile
gown
- Sterile
gloves
- Mask
- Cap
- Full-body
drape
- Sterile
ultrasound probe cover
Skin Antisepsis
Preferred
Chlorhexidine-alcohol (>0.5% CHG)
Superior to povidone-iodine
Allow to air dry completely
No routine prophylactic antibiotics
ไม่มี role สำหรับ routine
antimicrobial prophylaxis
Coagulopathy & Thrombocytopenia
Key concepts
- Major
bleeding uncommon (<1%)
- Platelet
dysfunction สำคัญกว่าค่า INR อย่างเดียว
- Ultrasound
reduces bleeding risk
Platelet threshold
ไม่มี absolute cutoff
General approach:
- Consider
platelet transfusion if <20,000/µL
- Individualize
based on:
- Liver
disease
- Uremia
- Sepsis
- Concurrent
coagulopathy
Avoid subclavian if severe coagulopathy
เพราะ:
- Compress
difficult
- Bleeding
monitor difficult
Anticoagulation
- Hold
anticoagulant if possible
- Usually
resume within hours if no bleeding
- Reversal
rarely needed
Seldinger Technique
Standard technique for CVC insertion
Steps:
1.
Needle puncture
2.
Venous blood aspiration
3.
Guidewire insertion
4.
Needle removal
5.
Dilator insertion
6.
Catheter advancement
7.
Wire removal
8.
Flush & secure catheter
Confirmation of Venous Placement
ก่อน dilate ควร confirm
venous placement
Methods:
- Ultrasound
visualization
- Venous
waveform
- Dark
non-pulsatile blood
- Pressure
transduction
Confirming Catheter Tip Position
Methods
- Chest
X-ray
- Fluoroscopy
- Ultrasound
- TEE
- Intracavitary
ECG
Chest X-ray
Still common standard after:
- IJV
- Subclavian
CVC
Not routinely needed for uncomplicated femoral line
Intracavitary ECG
ใช้ P-wave morphology เพื่อ
identify cavoatrial junction
Findings
- Maximal
P-wave = optimal tip position
Limitations:
- AF/flutter
Optimal Tip Position
Generally:
- Lower
SVC
- Cavoatrial
junction
Avoid:
- High
SVC
- Right
atrium (risk perforation/arrhythmia)
PICC
Inserted through:
- Basilic
vein
- Cephalic
vein
Advantages:
- Long-term
access
- Lower
pneumothorax risk
Complications:
- Upper
extremity DVT
- Malposition
Tunneled Catheters
Examples:
- Dialysis
catheter
Features:
- Subcutaneous
tunnel
- Lower
infection
- Long-term
use
Implanted Ports
Used for:
- Chemotherapy
- Long-term
intermittent access
Advantages:
- Lowest
infection risk
- Cosmetic
Disadvantages:
- Requires
needle access
- Procedure
room placement
Complications
Mechanical
Arterial puncture
Most common
More common:
- Landmark
technique
- Difficult
anatomy
Pneumothorax
Especially:
- Subclavian
- Low
IJV puncture
Hemothorax
Rare but serious
Air embolism
Risk increased:
- Upright
patient
- Hypovolemia
- Deep
inspiration
Prevention:
- Trendelenburg
- Occlude
hub
- Remove
air
Arrhythmia
Usually from guidewire entering RV
Treatment:
- Withdraw
wire
Catheter malposition
Possible sites:
- Contralateral
vein
- Azygos
vein
- Arterial
placement
Infectious complications
Risk factors:
- Femoral
site
- Poor
asepsis
- Prolonged
duration
- Multiple
lumens
Thrombotic complications
Includes:
- DVT
- Catheter
thrombosis
- PE
Higher risk:
- PICC
- Malignancy
Prevention of Complications
Key preventive strategies
- Ultrasound
guidance
- Full
sterile barrier
- Chlorhexidine
prep
- Experienced
operator
- Optimal
tip positioning
- Remove
unnecessary lines early
Key Clinical Pearls
- Ultrasound
guidance is standard of care for most central lines
- Subclavian
has lowest infection risk but highest pneumothorax risk
- Femoral
line useful in emergencies but infection/DVT risk highest
- Avoid
subclavian in severe coagulopathy
- Always
confirm venous access before dilation
- Trendelenburg
helps prevent air embolism
- Maximal
sterile precautions significantly reduce CLABSI
- Catheter
tip ideally at lower SVC/cavoatrial junction
- Remove
central line ASAP when no longer needed