Infectious Diseases

1. General Principles of Infectious Diseases

  • Host–pathogen interaction
  • Normal flora vs pathogens
  • Modes of transmission
  • Fever of unknown origin (FUO)
  • Sepsis & septic shock (ID perspective)
  • Infection vs colonization
  • Biofilm and device-related infections
  • Peripheral lymphadenopathy
  • Fever and Rash

2. Diagnostic Methods in ID

  • Specimen collection principles
  • Gram stain & culture
  • MIC, susceptibility testing
  • Molecular diagnostics (PCR, NAAT)
  • Serologic testing (IgM/IgG)
  • Antigen tests
  • Blood cultures: timing & interpretation
  • CSF analysis in infection
  • Imaging in infectious diseases (CT/MRI/US)

3. Antimicrobial Agents

Antibacterial agents

  • Beta-lactams
  • Glycopeptides (vancomycin)
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Macrolides
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Tetracyclines
  • Sulfonamides
  • Carbapenems
  • Oxazolidinones (linezolid)

Antifungals

  • Azoles
  • Echinocandins
  • Amphotericin B

Antivirals

  • HIV therapy
  • HBV, HCV therapy
  • Influenza antivirals

Principles of Antibiotic Stewardship

  • Empiric vs targeted therapy
  • De-escalation
  • Duration optimization
  • Avoiding unnecessary antibiotics

4. Bacterial Infections

Gram-positive

Gram-negative

  • Enterobacterales (E. coli, Klebsiella, etc.)
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Acinetobacter
  • ESBL, AmpC, CRE

Anaerobes

  • Bacteroides
  • Clostridium spp.

Atypical bacteria

  • Mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia
  • Legionella

Zoonoses & special pathogens

5. Viral Infections

Genome type → Family → Genus → Human pathogens

🧬 RNA Viruses

Single-stranded RNA – (+) sense

Order: Nidovirales

Order: Picornavirales

  • Picornaviridae
    • Enterovirus → Polio, Coxsackie, EV-D68
    • Rhinovirus → Common cold
    • Hepatovirus → HAV
    • Caliciviridae → Norovirus

Order: Hepelivirales

  • Hepeviridae
    • Hepevirus → HEV

Order: Tymovirales—ไม่ก่อโรคในคน

Order: Martellivirales — ไม่ก่อโรคในคน

Order: Amarillovirales / Flaviviridae

  • Flaviviridae
    • Flavivirus → Dengue, Zika, Yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis
    • Hepacivirus → HCV

Order: Togavirales

Single-stranded RNA – (–) sense

Order: Articulavirales

Order: Mononegavirales

  • Paramyxoviridae
  • Pneumoviridae
    • Orthopneumovirus → RSV, hMPV
  • Rhabdoviridae
  • Filoviridae
    • Ebolavirus, Marburgvirus → Ebola, Marburg

Order: Bunyavirales

  • Hantaviridae
  • Nairoviridae
    • Orthonairovirus → CCHF
  • Phenuiviridae
    • SFTS virus

Segmented ambisense / (–) sense

  • Arenaviridae → Lassa, Junin
  • Reoviridae (dsRNA) → Rotavirus

Retroviruses (RNA → DNA)

  • Retroviridae
    • Lentivirus → HIV-1, HIV-2
    • Deltaretrovirus → HTLV-1, HTLV-2

🧬 DNA Viruses

Double-stranded DNA

Order: Herpesvirales

Order: Piccovirales / Adenoviridae

  • Adenoviridae
    • Mastadenovirus → Adenovirus (resp/GI/keratoconjunctivitis)

Order: Papillomavirales

  • Papillomaviridae
    • HPV (มะเร็งปากมดลูก, หูด)

Order: Polyomavirales

Order: Asfuvirales

  • Asfarviridae
    • African swine fever virus (ยังไม่ใช่มนุษย์)

Order: Poxviridae

  • Poxviridae
    • Orthopoxvirus → Smallpox, Monkeypox
    • Molluscipoxvirus → Molluscum contagiosum

Single-stranded DNA

Partially double-stranded DNA

  • Hepadnaviridae
    • HBV

📌 Special Category: Non-taxonomically grouped clinically

  • Prions → CJD (not viruses)

6. Fungal Infections

  • Candidiasis (superficial & invasive)
  • Aspergillosis (CPA/IPA)
  • Cryptococcosis
  • Histoplasmosis
  • Blastomycosis
  • Mucormycosis

7. Parasitic & Helminthic Infections

  • Malaria
  • Amebiasis
  • Giardiasis
  • Strongyloidiasis
  • Schistosomiasis
  • Taeniasis/cysticercosis
  • Toxoplasmosis

8. System-specific Infections

CNS

Respiratory

  • Pneumonia (CAP/HAP/VAP)
  • TB & NTM
  • Aspiration pneumonia

Cardiovascular

  • Infective endocarditis
  • Pericarditis (infectious)

Abdominal

  • Intra-abdominal infections
  • Cholangitis
  • Liver abscess

Genitourinary

  • UTI (complicated, uncomplicated)
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Prostatitis

Skin & Soft Tissue

  • Cellulitis
  • Necrotizing fasciitis
  • Diabetic foot infections

Bone & Joint

  • Osteomyelitis
  • Septic arthritis

9. Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI)

  • Catheter-associated UTI
  • CLABSI
  • VAP
  • Surgical site infections
  • MDRO infections (ESBL, MRSA, VRE, CRE, Pseudomonas)

10. Immunocompromised Host Infections

  • Neutropenic fever
  • Opportunistic infections
    • PCP
    • CMV
    • Aspergillus
  • Solid organ transplant infections
  • HIV-related opportunistic infections
  • Stem cell transplant infections

11. Travel Medicine & Tropical Infectious Diseases

12. Vaccines & Prevention

13. Infection Control & Public Health

  • Standard/contact/droplet/airborne precautions
  • Outbreak investigation
  • Antibiotic stewardship programs
  • Environmental infection control
  • Reporting notifiable diseases

14. Infectious Disease Emergencies

  • Sepsis & septic shock
  • Necrotizing fasciitis
  • Toxic shock syndrome
  • Meningococcemia
  • Fulminant hepatitis
  • Rabies exposure
  • Viral hemorrhagic fevers
  • Severe malaria
  • Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  • Post-exposure prophylaxis (HIV, HBV, rabies)

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