Environmental medicine

1. Principles of Environmental Medicine

  • Pathways of environmental exposure
  • Dose–response relationship
  • Biomarkers of exposure & effect
  • Vulnerable populations (pregnant, pediatric, elderly)
  • Risk assessment & environmental epidemiology

2. Environmental Exposure Assessment

  • History taking for environmental exposure
  • Environmental monitoring (air, water, soil)
  • Biological monitoring (blood, urine assays)
  • Indoor vs outdoor exposures
  • Time–activity patterns

3. Air Pollution & Respiratory Health

  • Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10)
  • Ozone, NO, SO, CO
  • Indoor pollutants (smoke, mold, VOCs)
  • Health effects: asthma, COPD exacerbation, cardiovascular events
  • Wildfire smoke exposure
  • Occupational inhalation hazards

4. Water, Soil, and Food Contamination

  • Drinking water contaminants (lead, arsenic, nitrates)
  • Agricultural chemicals
  • Microplastic exposure
  • Food contamination (pesticides, aflatoxin, mercury in fish)
  • Waterborne diseases (environmental perspective)

5. Toxicology & Chemical Exposures

  • Principles of toxicokinetics & toxicodynamics
  • Pesticides (organophosphates/carbamates)
  • Solvents
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Cyanide
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
  • Chemical combustion products

6. Heavy Metals

  • Lead
  • Mercury
  • Arsenic
  • Cadmium
  • Chromium
  • Diagnosis, chelation therapy, long-term effects

7. Occupational & Industrial Exposures

  • Silica dust silicosis
  • Asbestos asbestosis, mesothelioma
  • Coal dust pneumoconiosis
  • Organic dusts (farmer’s lung)
  • Industrial chemicals
  • Occupational asthma
  • PPE and workplace protection standards

8. Climate-Related Illnesses

  • Climate change & health impacts
  • Air pollution interaction with climate
  • Vector-borne disease changes
  • Cardiovascular & renal impacts of extreme heat
  • Population-level vulnerability

9. Heat- and Cold-Related Injuries

Heat

  • Heat exhaustion
  • Heat stroke
  • Rhabdomyolysis related to heat injury
  • Hydration & prevention

Cold

  • Hypothermia
  • Frostbite
  • Non-freezing cold injuries

10. Radiation & Electromagnetic Exposure

  • Ionizing radiation (X-ray, nuclear)
  • Non-ionizing radiation (UV exposure, skin cancer risk)
  • Radon exposure
  • EMF exposure (electromagnetic fields): evidence review
  • Radiation accidents & medical management
  • Electrical injury / Lighting injury

11. Noise, Vibration & Ergonomics

  • Noise-induced hearing loss
  • Industrial vibration syndrome
  • Ergonomic injuries
  • Occupational standards for safe exposure

12. Environmental Infectious Hazards

  • Zoonotic diseases (leptospirosis, hantavirus, rabies environment link)
  • Waterborne pathogens
  • Vector-borne disease ecology (dengue, malaria, chikungunya)
  • Mold exposure & respiratory illness

13. Environmental Carcinogens

  • Asbestos
  • Benzene
  • Radon
  • Aflatoxin
  • UV radiation
  • PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)
  • Occupational cancer risks

14. Environmental Pediatrics

  • Lead poisoning in children
  • Neurodevelopmental effects of pollutants
  • Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (BPA, phthalates)
  • Pediatric asthma & air pollution
  • Safe home environment

15. Disaster Medicine & HazMat

  • Chemical spills
  • Radiation incidents
  • Biological threats (anthrax, plague, tularemia)
  • Mass casualty environmental disasters
  • Decontamination procedures
  • Incident command system (ICS) basics

16. Environmental Health Policy & Prevention

  • WHO / EPA standards
  • Environmental regulations
  • Community health risk communication
  • Public health surveillance
  • Sustainable environments & urban health design

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