Nephrology

1. Renal Physiology & General Principles

  • Renal blood flow & autoregulation
  • Glomerular filtration (GFR)
  • Tubular transport mechanisms
  • Hormones & renal regulation (RAAS, ADH, aldosterone)
  • Approach to hematuria
  • Approach to proteinuria
  • Approach to edema
  • Urinalysis & urine microscopy
  • Indications for renal biopsy

2. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

  • Definitions & staging (KDIGO)
  • Pre-renal, intrinsic renal, post-renal AKI
  • Hepatorenal syndrome
  • Contrast-associated AKI
  • Acute interstitial nephritis
  • Acute tubular necrosis
  • Rhabdomyolysis-associated AKI
  • Management & indications for dialysis in AKI

3. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

  • Staging (G1–G5, albuminuria categories A1–A3)
  • CKD progression & risk factors
  • CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)
  • Anemia of CKD
  • Cardiovascular complications in CKD
  • CKD nutrition
  • Management of CKD complications
  • Indications for dialysis initiation

4. Glomerular Diseases

Nephritic Syndromes

  • Post-infectious GN
  • IgA nephropathy
  • Lupus nephritis
  • ANCA-associated vasculitis
  • Anti-GBM disease

Nephrotic Syndromes

  • Minimal change disease
  • FSGS
  • Membranous nephropathy
  • Diabetic nephropathy (as glomerular disease)
  • Amyloidosis-related nephropathy

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

  • Evaluation & urgent management

5. Tubulointerstitial Diseases

  • Acute interstitial nephritis (drug-induced, autoimmune)
  • Chronic interstitial nephritis
  • Analgesic nephropathy
  • Tubular disorders (Fanconi syndrome, RTA types I/II/IV)
  • Obstructive uropathy

6. Electrolyte Disorders

Sodium

  • Hyponatremia (hypovolemic, euvolemic, hypervolemic)
  • SIADH
  • Hypernatremia

Potassium

  • Hypokalemia
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Renal tubular causes of K⁺ imbalance

Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium

  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Hyperphosphatemia
  • Hypophosphatemia
  • Hypermagnesemia, hypomagnesemia

7. Acid–Base Disorders

8. Hypertension (Nephrology-related)

  • Essential vs secondary hypertension
  • Renovascular hypertension (RAS)
  • Primary hyperaldosteronism (nephrology overlap)
  • Hypertensive urgency vs emergency
  • BP targets in CKD, diabetes, proteinuric disease

9. Nephrolithiasis & Crystallopathies

  • Calcium oxalate stones
  • Uric acid stones
  • Struvite stones
  • Cystine stones
  • Metabolic evaluation for recurrent stones
  • Medical prevention of stones (citrate, thiazides, hydration)

10. Cystic Kidney Diseases

  • Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
  • Autosomal recessive PKD
  • Medullary sponge kidney
  • Simple renal cysts
  • Nephronophthisis

11. Urinary Tract & Structural Disorders

  • Hydronephrosis
  • VUR (vesicoureteral reflux) – adult implications
  • Bladder outlet obstruction (BPH-related renal issues)
  • Neurogenic bladder (renal complications)

12. Dialysis (HD, PD, CRRT)

Hemodialysis (HD)

  • Principles & mechanisms
  • Vascular access (AVF, AVG, catheter)
  • HD complications (hypotension, disequilibrium syndrome)

Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)

  • CAPD vs APD
  • Peritonitis
  • PD catheter care

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)

  • Indications
  • EFV, CVVH, CVVHDF
  • Anticoagulation (heparin vs citrate)

13. Kidney Transplantation

  • Recipient evaluation
  • Donor evaluation (living, deceased)
  • Induction & maintenance immunosuppression
  • Acute rejection, chronic rejection
  • Opportunistic infections in transplant
  • Post-transplant malignancies

14. Nephrology in Systemic Diseases

  • Diabetes (diabetic kidney disease)
  • Hypertension-related nephrosclerosis
  • Multiple myeloma (cast nephropathy)
  • SLE (lupus nephritis)
  • Systemic vasculitis
  • Liver disease & HRS
  • Cardiorenal syndrome

15. Nephrology Emergencies

  • Hyperkalemia
  • Severe acidosis
  • Pulmonary edema from renal failure
  • Hypertensive emergency
  • Tumor lysis syndrome
  • Uremic encephalopathy
  • Toxin-induced renal failure (ethylene glycol, NSAIDs)

16. Diagnostic Methods in Nephrology

  • Urinalysis & microscopy (casts, crystals)
  • Urine electrolytes (FENa, FEUrea)
  • Renal ultrasound
  • CT urography
  • Renal biopsy: techniques & indications
  • Measuring GFR (creatinine, cystatin C, clearance tests)

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