Nephrology

1. General Principles

• Renal function assessment (BUN, creatinine, Cystatin C)
• Urinalysis & urine microscopy
• Radiologic Assessment of kidney disease
• Kidney biopsy 

Approach

• Approach to hematuria
• Approach to proteinuria
• Approach to edema

---

2. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

• Definitions & staging (KDIGO)
• Oliguria vs Nonoliguria
• Pre-renal vs ATN 
• , intrinsic renal, post-renal AKI
• Diagnostic approach
• Subacute kidney injury
• Initial Management (overview)
• Cardiorenal syndrome 
• Hepatorenal syndrome
• Contrast-associated AKI
• Prevention (intra-arterial iodinated contrast)
• Prevention (intravenous iodinated contrast)
• Acute interstitial nephritis
• Clinical, Diagnosis
• Treatment (Drug-induced)
• Acute tubular necrosis
• Prevention
• Heme pigment-induced AKI (rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis)
• Clinical, Diagnosis
• Treatment, Prevention
• Crash-Related AKI
• NSAIDs
• Management & indications for dialysis in AKI

---

3. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

• Staging (G1–G5, albuminuria categories A1–A3)
• CKD progression & risk factors
• CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)
• Anemia of CKD
• Cardiovascular complications in CKD
• CKD nutrition
• Management of CKD complications
• Indications for dialysis initiation
• CKD: Matabolic acidosis
• CKD: Hyperphosphatemia

---

4. Glomerular Diseases

Nephritic Syndromes

• Post-infectious GN
• IgA nephropathy
• Lupus nephritis
• ANCA-associated vasculitis
• Anti-GBM disease

Nephrotic Syndromes

• Minimal change disease
• FSGS
• Membranous nephropathy
• Diabetic nephropathy (as glomerular disease)
• Amyloidosis-related nephropathy

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

• Evaluation & urgent management

---

5. Tubulointerstitial Diseases

• Acute interstitial nephritis
• Clinical, Diagnosis
• Treatment (Drug-induced)
• Chronic interstitial nephritis
• Analgesic nephropathy
• Tubular disorders (Fanconi syndrome, RTA types I/II/IV)
• Obstructive uropathy

---

6. Electrolyte Disorders

Sodium

• Clinical
• Hyponatremia
• Causes
• Hypotonic hyponatremia
• Hypertonic, Isotonic, Pseudohyponatremia
• Diagnostic approach
• Treatment (overview)
• Diuretic induce
• SIAD / Reset Osmostat
• in Heart failure
• in Cirrhosis
• in Adrenal insufficiency
• Exercise Associated
• Pediatric
• Etiology, Clinical
• Evaluation, Management
• Hypernatremia
• Etiology & Diagnostic approach
• Treatment
• Pediatric

Potassium

• Hypokalemia
• Causes
• Evaluation
• Clinical & Treatment
• Pediatric
• Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
• Renal effect
• Hyperkalemia
• Clinical
• Causes & Evaluation
• Treatment & Prevention
• Hyperkalemia (pediatric)
• Clinical, Diagnosis, Evaluation
• Management
• Renal tubular causes of K⁺ imbalance

Calcium, Phosphate, Magnesium

• Hypercalcemia
• Etiology
• Malignancy mechanism
• Clinical 
• Diagnostic approach
• Treatment
• Hypocalcemia
• Cause & Clinical
• Diagnosis & Treatment
• Hyperphosphatemia
• in CKD
• Hypophosphatemia
• Refeeding syndrome
• Hypermagnesemia
• Hypomagnesemia

---

7. Acid–Base Disorders

• Acid-Base Disorder
• Physiology and Assessment
• Potassium Balance
• Arterial Blood Gas
• Venous Blood Gas and Capnography
• Serum Anion Gap (exclude metabolic acidosis)
• Metabolic acidosis
• Metabolic acidosis (Adult)
• Metabolic acidosis (Pediatric)
• Delta AG/Delta bicarbonate
• Urine anion, Urine osmolol gap
• CKD
• Metabolic alkalosis
• Pathogenesis
• Causes
• Clinical & Evaluation
• Treatment
• Bicarbonate
• RTA (types 1, 2, 4)
• Lactic acidosis
• Ketoacidosis (DKA, starvation, alcoholic)

---

8. Hypertension (Nephrology-related)

• See in Cardiology / secondary HT

---

9. Nephrolithiasis & Crystallopathies

• Calcium oxalate stones
• Uric acid stones
• Struvite stones
• Cystine stones
• Metabolic evaluation for recurrent stones
• Medical prevention of stones (citrate, thiazides, hydration)

---

10. Cystic Kidney Diseases

• Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
• Autosomal recessive PKD
• Medullary sponge kidney
• Simple renal cysts
• Nephronophthisis

---

11. Urinary Tract & Structural Disorders

• Hydronephrosis
• VUR (vesicoureteral reflux) – adult implications
• Bladder outlet obstruction (BPH-related renal issues)
• Neurogenic bladder (renal complications)

---

12. Dialysis (HD, PD, CRRT)

Hemodialysis (HD)

• Principles & mechanisms
• Vascular access (AVF, AVG, catheter)
• HD complications (hypotension, disequilibrium syndrome)

Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)

• CAPD vs APD
• Peritonitis
• PD catheter care

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)

• Indications
• EFV, CVVH, CVVHDF
• Anticoagulation (heparin vs citrate)

---

13. Kidney Transplantation

• Recipient evaluation
• Donor evaluation (living, deceased)
• General medical care & Follow up
• Induction immunosuppression
• Maintenance immunosuppression
• Acute rejection, chronic rejection
• Opportunistic infections in transplant
• Post-transplant malignancies

---

14. Nephrology in Systemic Diseases

• Diabetes (diabetic kidney disease)
• Hypertension-related nephrosclerosis
• Multiple myeloma (cast nephropathy)
• SLE (lupus nephritis)
• Systemic vasculitis
• Liver disease & HRS
• Cardiorenal syndrome

---

15. Nephrology Emergencies

• Hyperkalemia
• Severe acidosis
• Pulmonary edema from renal failure
• Hypertensive emergency
• Tumor lysis syndrome
• Uremic encephalopathy
• Toxin-induced renal failure (ethylene glycol, NSAIDs)

---

16. Diagnostic Methods in Nephrology

• Urinalysis & microscopy (casts, crystals)
• Urine electrolytes (FENa, FEUrea)
• Renal ultrasound
• CT urography
• Renal biopsy: techniques & indications
• Measuring GFR (creatinine, cystatin C, clearance tests)

---