Ophthalmology

1. General Principles

  • Anatomy of the eye
  • Principles of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia)
  • Visual acuity & visual field testing
  • Slit-lamp examination
  • Fundus examination
  • Red eye approach (painful vs painless red eye)
  • Approach to vision loss (acute vs chronic)

2. Eyelid & Orbit

Eyelid

  • Blepharitis
  • Hordeolum & chalazion
  • Entropion & ectropion
  • Ptosis (causes & evaluation)
  • Dermatochalasis
  • Eyelid tumors (benign & malignant)

Orbit

  • Orbital cellulitis vs preseptal cellulitis
  • Thyroid eye disease
  • Orbital fractures (blow-out fracture)
  • Orbital tumors
  • Proptosis: differential diagnosis

3. Ocular Surface & Cornea

  • Conjunctivitis (viral, bacterial, allergic, chemical)
  • Dry eye disease
  • Pterygium & pinguecula
  • Keratitis (bacterial, viral, fungal, acanthamoeba)
  • Corneal abrasion
  • Corneal ulcer
  • Corneal dystrophies
  • Keratoconus
  • Corneal transplant & cross-linking

4. Lens & Cataract

  • Types of cataracts (nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular)
  • Congenital cataract
  • Indications for cataract surgery
  • IOL (intraocular lens) types & selection
  • Complications of cataract surgery (PCO, endophthalmitis)

5. Glaucoma

  • Primary open-angle glaucoma
  • Angle-closure glaucoma
  • Congenital glaucoma
  • Secondary glaucomas (uveitic, neovascular, steroid-induced)
  • Screening & monitoring (OCT, visual field, IOP)
  • Acute angle-closure glaucoma management

6. Retina & Vitreous

  • Diabetic retinopathy (NPDR/PDR)
  • Diabetic macular edema
  • Hypertensive retinopathy
  • Retinal vein occlusion
  • Retinal artery occlusion
  • Age-related macular degeneration (dry/wet AMD)
  • Retinal detachment (rhegmatogenous, tractional)
  • Macular hole
  • Floaters & posterior vitreous detachment
  • Endophthalmitis

7. Neuro-ophthalmology

  • Optic neuritis
  • Papilledema
  • Optic neuropathies (ischemic, compressive, toxic/nutritional)
  • Cranial nerve palsies (III, IV, VI)
  • Visual field defects (hemianopia, scotoma patterns)
  • Myasthenia gravis ocular presentation
  • Horner syndrome

8. Uveitis & Intraocular Inflammation

  • Anterior uveitis
  • Intermediate uveitis
  • Posterior uveitis
  • Panuveitis
  • Infectious uveitis (TB, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, CMV, HSV/VZV)
  • Non-infectious causes (HLA-B27, sarcoidosis, autoimmune)
  • Uveitis complications (glaucoma, cataract, CME)

9. Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus

  • Amblyopia
  • Strabismus (esotropia, exotropia)
  • Congenital cataract
  • Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
  • Congenital glaucoma
  • Pediatric refractive errors
  • Leukocoria differential (RB, cataract, Coats disease)

10. Trauma & Ophthalmic Emergencies

  • Chemical burns
  • Globe rupture
  • Orbital compartment syndrome
  • Hyphema
  • Intraocular foreign body
  • Retinal detachment
  • Endophthalmitis (post-trauma/post-surgery)
  • Flash burn / UV keratitis
  • Traumatic optic neuropathy

11. Diagnostics & Procedures

  • Slit lamp exam
  • Direct & indirect ophthalmoscopy
  • Tonometry
  • OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)
  • Fundus photography & fluorescein angiography
  • Visual field testing
  • B-scan ultrasonography
  • Intraocular injections (anti-VEGF)
  • Laser Refractive Surgery 
  • Laser procedures (retinal laser photocoagulation, YAG capsulotomy)

 

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