Homonymous Hemianopia
ð Key concept
- Homonymous
hemianopia = āļŠูāļāđāļŠีāļĒ visual field āļ้āļēāļāđāļีāļĒāļ§āļัāļāļāļāļāļั้āļāļŠāļāļāļāļē
- āđāļ่āļ āļŠูāļāđāļŠีāļĒ right half āļāļāļ visual
field āļั้āļāļŠāļāļāļāļē
- āļŠāļēāđāļŦāļุ: lesion post-chiasmal (retrochiasmal pathway)
ð optic tract → LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) → optic radiation → occipital cortex
ð§Ž Neuroanatomy
(high-yield)
- āđāļŠ้āļāļāļēāļ:
- retina
→ optic nerve → chiasm → optic tract → LGN → optic radiation → occipital cortex
- lesion
āļŦāļĨัāļ chiasm →
contralateral visual field defect
ð️ Clinical presentation
- āļĄัāļāđāļĄ่āļĢู้āļัāļ§āļ§่āļēāļĄāļāļāđāļĄ่āđāļŦ็āļāļāļĢึ่āļāļŦāļึ่āļ
- āļāļēāļāļēāļĢ:
- āļāļāļŠิ่āļāļāļāļāļ้āļēāļāļี่āđāļŠีāļĒ
- āļ่āļēāļāļŦāļัāļāļŠืāļāļĨāļģāļāļēāļ
- “āđāļŦāļĄืāļāļāļĄāļāļāđāļŦ็āļāđāļĄ่āļāļĢāļ”
- visual
acuity → āļĄัāļāļāļāļิ
ð Types of visual field
defect
✔️ Complete hemianopia
- āļŠูāļāđāļŠีāļĒāļāļĢึ่āļ field āļัāļāđāļāļ
- respect
vertical meridian
✔️ Incomplete defects
|
Type |
Localization clue |
|
Quadrantanopia |
optic radiation / occipital |
|
Macular sparing |
occipital (PCA stroke) |
|
Scotoma |
occipital tip |
|
Sectoranopia |
LGN |
ð§ Localization (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
ðī 1. Optic tract
- incongruous
hemianopia
- RAPD
contralateral
- bow-tie
optic atrophy
ðĢ 2. Lateral geniculate
nucleus (LGN)
- sectoral
defect
- thalamic
signs (sensory deficit)
ðĩ 3. Optic radiation
Temporal lobe (Meyer’s loop)
ð Superior
quadrantanopia
ð
“pie in the sky”
Parietal lobe
ð Inferior
quadrantanopia
ð
sensory deficit / neglect
ðĒ 4. Occipital lobe (most
common)
- congruous
hemianopia
- macular
sparing
- usually
isolated deficit
⚠️ Red flags
- acute
onset → stroke
- progressive
→ tumor
- associated
neuro deficit →
localize lesion
ð§Š Evaluation
✔️ Bedside
- confrontation
test (low sensitivity)
✔️ Gold standard
- formal
visual field (perimetry)
✔️ Imaging
- MRI
brain (mandatory in all cases)
ð§ Common causes
Adults
- Stroke
(most common 42–89%)
- tumor
- trauma
Children
- Tumor
(most common)
⚖️ Differential diagnosis
- visual
neglect (parietal lesion)
- ocular
disease (retina/optic nerve →
usually monocular)
- functional
vision loss
ð Prognosis
- recovery:
- ~18–67%
- āļีāđāļāļ่āļ§āļ 1–3 āđāļืāļāļāđāļĢāļ
- āļŦāļĨัāļ 6 āđāļืāļāļ → recovery
āļ้āļāļĒ
ð Functional impact
- āļŦ้āļēāļĄāļัāļāļĢāļāđāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻ
- risk:
- falls
- accidents
- āļ้āļāļ counseling āļุāļāļāļ
ð Management
✔️ Treat cause
- stroke
/ tumor / infection
✔️ Rehabilitation
- visual
scanning training
- prism
/ mirror
- occupational
therapy
ð§ū Clinical pearls
- Homonymous
hemianopia = lesion āļŦāļĨัāļ chiasm āđāļŠāļĄāļ
- congruous
→ posterior lesion
- macular
sparing → occipital
stroke
- “pie
in the sky” → temporal
lobe
- bilateral
lesion → cortical
blindness (Anton syndrome)
ð§ One-line summary
ð “Loss of same-side
visual field in both eyes →
lesion in contralateral retrochiasmal pathway”
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ