Geriatric medicine

1. Principles of Geriatric Medicine

  • Normal aging
  • Multimorbidity
  • Atypical disease presentation
  • Goals-of-care conversations
  • Healthy aging & preventive care

2. Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA)

  • Medical assessment
  • Cognitive assessment
  • Functional assessment (ADL, IADL)
  • Gait/balance testing
  • Mood screening
  • Social and environmental assessment
  • Care coordination & multidisciplinary approach

3. Functional Assessment & Mobility

  • ADL, IADL
  • Timed Up and Go (TUG) test
  • Gait speed & frailty markers
  • Assistive devices (cane, walker)
  • Mobility disability
  • Rehabilitation principles

4. Cognitive Disorders

  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI)
  • Alzheimer disease
  • Vascular dementia
  • Lewy body dementia
  • Frontotemporal dementia
  • Delirium
  • Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)
  • Approach to acute confusion

5. Mood & Behavioral Disorders

  • Late-life depression
  • Bipolar disorder in geriatric
  • Late-life anxiety
  • Sleep disorders in the elderly
  • Suicide risk in older adults
  • Psychotropic medication considerations

6. Geriatric Syndromes

  • Frailty
  • Falls
  • Urinary incontinence
  • Constipation
  • Malnutrition
  • Pressure injuries
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Sensory impairment (vision/hearing)
  • Sarcopenia
  • Dizziness and imbalance

7. Polypharmacy & Medication Management

  • Deprescribing strategies
  • Beers Criteria
  • STOPP/START criteria
  • Medication adherence issues
  • Drug–drug & drug–disease interactions
  • Opioid use and caution in elderly

8. Chronic Disease Management in Older Adults

  • Hypertension in older adults
  • Diabetes management & individualized targets
  • Heart failure in elderly
  • COPD/Asthma in elderly
  • Chronic kidney disease with aging
  • Osteoporosis & fracture prevention
  • Parkinson disease & movement disorders
  • Cancer screening decisions in elderly

9. Nutrition & Frailty

  • Malnutrition screening (MNA)
  • Sarcopenia (EWGSOP criteria)
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Protein requirements in elderly
  • Cachexia vs frailty
  • Nutrition support & supplements

10. Falls & Fractures

  • Risk factors for falls
  • Fall prevention programs
  • Hip fractures: evaluation & management
  • Vertebral fractures in older adults
  • Osteoporotic fracture care & secondary prevention

11. Pain Management in Older Adults

  • Pain assessment in cognitively impaired
  • Non-opioid vs opioid options
  • Safe opioid prescribing
  • Neuropathic pain in elderly
  • Non-pharmacologic modalities (PT, heat/cold, CBT)

12. Infections in the Elderly

  • Atypical presentation of infection
  • UTI: when to treat/not treat
  • Pneumonia (including aspiration pneumonia)
  • Skin infections
  • Sepsis in older adults
  • Vaccination guidelines in elderly

13. Perioperative Care of Older Adults

  • Preoperative cognitive and functional assessment
  • Risk prediction tools
  • Anesthesia considerations
  • Postoperative delirium
  • Postoperative complications in elderly
  • Early mobilization & rehabilitation

14. Palliative Care & End-of-Life Care

  • Goals of care & advance directives
  • Prognostication in elderly
  • Symptom management (pain, dyspnea, anorexia, delirium)
  • End-of-life communication
  • Care of the actively dying
  • Family/caregiver support

15. Social, Ethical & Caregiver Issues

  • Elder abuse & neglect
  • Caregiver burden assessment
  • Driving safety in elderly
  • Financial/medical decision-making capacity
  • Long-term care options

16. Special Populations

  • Frail older adults
  • Nursing home residents
  • Bedbound patients
  • Older adults with intellectual disability
  • Elderly with sensory loss


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