วันพุธที่ 15 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2569

Optic Neuropathy

Approach to Optic Neuropathy


1. Anatomy (high-yield)

  • Optic nerve = CNS tract (ไม่ใช่ peripheral nerve)
  • แบ่ง 4 ส่วน:
    • intraocular (disc)
    • intraorbital
    • intracanalicular
    • intracranial

👉 blood supply สำคัญ:

  • Optic disc posterior ciliary artery
    เป็น key ใน ischemic optic neuropathy

2. Core Clinical Pattern ของ Optic Neuropathy

Symptoms/signs หลัก

  • Monocular vision loss
  • RAPD
  • Dyschromatopsia (สำคัญมาก)
  • Central scotoma
  • ± Pain
  • chronic optic atrophy

3. Key Clinical Clues แยกโรค (ใช้จริง)

Feature

Suggest diagnosis

Pain with eye movement

Optic neuritis

Painless

Ischemic / compressive

Acute onset

ON / AION

Subacute

inflammatory / infiltrative

Chronic progressive

compressive / toxic

Bilateral

systemic / toxic / papilledema


4. Major Etiologies (ต้องจำเป็น pattern)


4.1 Optic Neuritis (ON)

  • Age: 20–40
  • Pain: (movement)
  • Onset: subacute
  • Fundus: normal (retrobulbar) หรือ papillitis
  • MRI: enhancement (~95%)

👉 Associated:

  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder
  • Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-associated Disease

👉 Prognosis: ดี


4.2 Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (NAION)

  • Age: >50
  • Risk: DM, HT, vascular
  • Pain:
  • Onset: acute (often morning)
  • Fundus:
    • disc swelling
    • splinter hemorrhage
  • VF: altitudinal defect

👉 MRI:

  • usually normal (key differentiate)

👉 Prognosis:

  • poor recovery
  • no effective treatment

4.3 Arteritic AION (GCA) 🔥 emergency

  • Age: >70
  • Cause: Giant Cell Arteritis
  • Symptoms:
    • headache
    • jaw claudication
    • scalp tenderness
  • Fundus: pale swollen disc

👉 Key:

  • bilateral involvementเร็ว
  • ต้อง steroid ทันที (ไม่รอ biopsy)

4.4 Infectious / Neuroretinitis

  • Causes:
    • TB, syphilis, Lyme
    • cat scratch, toxoplasmosis
  • Finding:
    • macular star (key for neuroretinitis)
  • มี systemic sign ช่วยแยก

4.5 Inflammatory / Autoimmune

  • Sarcoidosis nodular disc
  • SLE / Sjögren
  • CRION (steroid dependent relapse)

👉 clue:

  • bilateral / recurrent
  • systemic disease

4.6 Compressive Optic Neuropathy

  • Cause:
    • tumor (pituitary, meningioma)
    • aneurysm
  • Course:
    • chronic progressive
  • Pain: variable
  • MRI diagnosis

4.7 Toxic / Metabolic

  • Drugs:
    • ethambutol (classic)
    • amiodarone
  • Nutritional:
    • B12 deficiency
  • Pattern:
    • bilateral
    • subacute/chronic

4.8 Hereditary

  • Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
    • young male
    • bilateral sequential
    • mitochondrial

4.9 Others

  • Papilledema ( ICP)
  • Trauma
  • Radiation

5. Practical Diagnostic Approach (ER/clinic)

Step 1: Age

  • <50 ON
  • 50 ischemic

Step 2: Pain

  • Pain ON
  • No pain ischemic/compressive

Step 3: Fundus

  • Normal retrobulbar ON
  • Swollen disc:
    • hyperemic ON
    • pale GCA
    • hemorrhage NAION

Step 4: MRI

  • Enhancement ON
  • Normal NAION
  • Mass compressive

6. Red Flags (ต้องรีบ action)

  • Suspected GCA steroid immediately
  • Bilateral acute vision loss
  • Progressive visual loss
  • Neurologic deficit ร่วม

7. Key Clinical Pearls

  • Dyschromatopsia = optic nerve disease hallmark
  • Pain with movement = ON จนกว่าจะพิสูจน์อย่างอื่น
  • Altitudinal defect = ischemic
  • MRI แยก ON vs NAION ได้ดีที่สุด
  • Bilateral ON think NMOSD/MOGAD/infection
  • Macular star neuroretinitis (ไม่ใช่ ON)

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