āļ§ัāļ™āļˆัāļ™āļ—āļĢ์āļ—ี่ 13 āđ€āļĄāļĐāļēāļĒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2569

Diabetic Retinopathy: screening, treatment

Diabetic Retinopathy: screening, treatment


Screening

🔑 Key concept

  • DR āļĄัāļ āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļĢāļ screening āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ
  • āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē (laser / anti-VEGF)
    👉 āļ›้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļŠูāļāđ€āļŠีāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦ็āļ™āđ„āļ”้āļ”ีāļāļ§่āļēāļŸื้āļ™āļŸู

1. Rationale for screening

  • onset insidious + asymptomatic
  • progression āļ­āļēāļˆāđ€āļĢ็āļ§
  • early detection
    • vision loss
    • progression rate

👉 āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ screen āļ—ุāļāļ„āļ™āļ—ี่āđ€āļ›็āļ™ DM āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄ่āļģāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­


2. āļ§ิāļ˜ี screening

2.1 Standard methods

ðŸŸĒ Dilated fundus examination (gold standard)

  • āđ‚āļ”āļĒ ophthalmologist/optometrist
  • primary care sensitivity āļ•่āļģ

ðŸŸĒ Retinal photography

  • digital stereoscopic imaging
  • sensitivity/specificity āļ”ี
  • āđƒāļŠ้ telemedicine āđ„āļ”้

2.2 AI screening

  • AI-based detection (mtmDR)
  • FDA-approved (āļšāļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļš)

⚠️ Limitations:

  • āđƒāļŠ้āđ„āļ”้āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°:
    • āļĒัāļ‡āđ„āļĄ่āđ€āļ„āļĒāļ§ิāļ™ิāļˆāļ‰ัāļĒ DR
  • āļŦ้āļēāļĄāđƒāļŠ้āđƒāļ™:
    • pregnancy
    • known DR (moderate–severe)
    • prior treatment / surgery
    • symptomatic patients

👉 āđ„āļĄ่āđāļ—āļ™ ophthalmologist āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļŠ high-risk


3. Screening initiation (āļˆāļģāđƒāļŦ้āđāļĄ่āļ™)

🧑‍⚕️ Type 2 DM

  • āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ—ัāļ™āļ—ีāļŦāļĨัāļ‡ diagnosis

🧑‍⚕️ Type 1 DM

  • āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāđƒāļ™ 5 āļ›ีāļŦāļĨัāļ‡ diagnosis

ðŸ‘ķ Children

  • āļĄัāļāđ„āļĄ่āđ€āļิāļ”āļ่āļ­āļ™āļ­āļēāļĒุ 10 āļ›ี

4. Screening interval

ðŸ”đ No DR

  • āļ—ุāļ 1–2 āļ›ี (āļšāļēāļ‡ guideline: 2 āļ›ีāđ„āļ”้āđƒāļ™ low-risk)

ðŸ”đ Any DR

  • āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļ™้āļ­āļĒ āļ›ีāļĨāļ°āļ„āļĢั้āļ‡

ðŸ”đ Moderate–severe DR

  • āļ–ี่āļ‚ึ้āļ™ (3–6 āđ€āļ”ืāļ­āļ™)

👉 interval āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ individualize āļ•āļēāļĄ severity + risk factors


5. Risk factors āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ follow āļ–ี่āļ‚ึ้āļ™

  • long duration DM
  • poor glycemic control ( A1C)
  • insulin use
  • proteinuria / nephropathy
  • baseline DR severity

6. Special population

ðŸĪ° Pregnancy

  • āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ:
    • āļ่āļ­āļ™āļ•ั้āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļĢāļ ์ (āļ–้āļē plan)
    • trimester āđāļĢāļ
  • follow:
    • āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ” pregnancy
    • āļ•่āļ­āđ€āļ™ื่āļ­āļ‡ 1 āļ›ี postpartum

👉 pregnancy accelerate DR progression


7. Evidence & outcomes

  • screening + treatment
    • blindness
    • person-years of sight āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĄีāļ™ัāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ

👉 āđ€āļ›็āļ™ intervention āļ—ี่ cost-effective āļĄāļēāļ


8. Practical clinical algorithm (āđƒāļŠ้āđ„āļ”้āļˆāļĢิāļ‡)

Step 1: DM diagnosis

  • T2DM refer eye exam āļ—ัāļ™āļ—ี
  • T1DM plan exam āđƒāļ™ 5 āļ›ี

Step 2: classify result

  • No DR follow 1–2 yr
  • NPDR annual / shorter
  • Severe NPDR/PDR refer ophthalmology

Step 3: modify risk

  • control:
    • glucose
    • BP
    • lipids

9. Clinical pearls

  • No symptom no disease
  • DR screening = standard of care
  • AI screening = tool āđ€āļŠāļĢิāļĄ āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่ replacement
  • pregnancy = āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ follow āļ–ี่
  • interval āļ„āļ§āļĢ flexible āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่ one-size-fits-all

🔚 Bottom line

  • DR āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ—ี่ preventable cause of blindness
  • screening = key intervention āļ—ี่āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”
  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡:
    • āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄāļ–ูāļāđ€āļ§āļĨāļē
    • follow āļŠāļĄ่āļģāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­
    • refer āđ€āļĢ็āļ§āđ€āļĄื่āļ­āļžāļš abnormality

Prevention & Treatment

🔑 Key concept

  • āđ€āļ›้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ:
    preserve vision + slow progression + prevent complications
  • DR āđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļ—ี่
    👉 āļ›้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļ™āđ„āļ”้ + āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđ„āļ”้ (āļ–้āļēāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļžāļšāđ€āļĢ็āļ§)”

1. Risk factors (āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄ)

ðŸ”ī Major

  • duration DM
  • hyperglycemia (A1C)

🟠 Others

  • hypertension
  • nephropathy / neuropathy
  • dyslipidemia
  • pregnancy

2. Prevention (cornerstone)

2.1 Glycemic control (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”)

  • A1C 1%
    • incidence ~35%
    • progression ~15–25%

⚠️ rapid control early worsening āđāļ•่ long-term benefit āļŠัāļ”


2.2 Blood pressure control

  • target: <130/80 mmHg
  • incidence + progression + vitreous hemorrhage

2.3 Lipid management

  • statin: āļĨāļ” CVD (āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่ DR āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ‡)
  • fenofibrate
    • progression DR
    • DME

2.4 Lifestyle

  • exercise protective
  • āļŦāļĨีāļāđ€āļĨี่āļĒāļ‡:
    • Valsalva / high-impact (āđƒāļ™ PDR)
  • sleep apnea treat āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāļĨāļ” risk

3. Treatment overview (āđāļš่āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄ lesion)


3.1 Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)

ðŸ”ī With visual impairment first-line

👉 Anti-VEGF (intravitreal)

  • bevacizumab (off-label)
  • ranibizumab
  • aflibercept
  • faricimab

Effect

  • vision (3 lines)
  • vision loss āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĄีāļ™ัāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ

ðŸŸĄ Good VA (20/25)

  • observation āđ„āļ”้
  • individualized decision

🟠 Alternative / adjunct

  • focal laser (poor compliance / adjunct)
  • steroid (refractory cases)

⚠️ Anti-VEGF caveats

  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļ‰ีāļ”āļ‹้āļģ (treatment burden)
  • risk:
    • endophthalmitis (rare)
    • IOP
  • adherence āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ

3.2 Nonproliferative DR (NPDR)

  • āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่:
    👉 observe + control systemic factors
  • Severe NPDR:
    • āļ­āļēāļˆāļžิāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļē PRP āļ–้āļēāļĄี ischemia āļĄāļēāļ

3.3 Proliferative DR (PDR)

ðŸ”ī Standard approach

👉 Combination therapy

1.       Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)

2.       ± Anti-VEGF


PRP (laser)

  • severe vision loss >50%
  • āļ—āļģāļĨāļēāļĒ ischemic retina VEGF

āļ‚้āļ­āļ”ี

  • durable

āļ‚้āļ­āđ€āļŠีāļĒ

  • visual field loss
  • night vision
  • macular edema āđāļĒ่āļĨāļ‡āđ„āļ”้

Anti-VEGF (PDR)

  • neovascularization
  • efficacy PRP (VA outcome)

⚠️ problem:

  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ follow-up āļ•่āļ­āđ€āļ™ื่āļ­āļ‡
  • stop recurrence āļŠูāļ‡

3.4 Vitreous hemorrhage / Traction RD

Indications for vitrectomy

  • VH āđ„āļĄ่ clear āđƒāļ™ 3–4 wk
  • traction RD involving macula
  • recurrent VH
  • progressive PDR

👉 early vitrectomy outcome āļ”ีāļāļ§่āļēāđƒāļ™ severe cases


4. Special situations

ðŸĪ° Pregnancy

  • progression
  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ monitor closely

💊 Antiplatelet / anticoagulant

  • āđ„āļĄ่āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĒุāļ” āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļš intravitreal injection
  • surgery individualized decision

5. Practical algorithm (āđƒāļŠ้āļˆāļĢิāļ‡)

Step 1: classify

  • NPDR / PDR / DME

Step 2: decide treatment

  • DME anti-VEGF
  • PDR PRP ± anti-VEGF
  • VH / RD vitrectomy

Step 3: systemic control

  • glucose
  • BP
  • lipid

6. Clinical pearls

  • Anti-VEGF = first-line DME
  • PRP = cornerstone PDR
  • compliance āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ (miss blind)
  • DME āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđ„āļ”้āđāļĄ้āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี PDR
  • early detection āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļžāļ­āđ† āļัāļš treatment

🔚 Bottom line

  • DR management =
    Systemic control + Early detection + Timely intervention
  • āļ–้āļēāļ—āļģāļ„āļĢāļš
    👉 āļ›้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļ™ blindness āđ„āļ”้āđƒāļ™āļœู้āļ›่āļ§āļĒāļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่

āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™:

āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™