Diabetic Retinopathy: screening, treatment
Screening
ð Key concept
- DR āļĄัāļ āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļĢāļ → screening
āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ
- āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē (laser / anti-VEGF)
ð āļ้āļāļāļัāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠูāļāđāļŠีāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļĄāļāļāđāļŦ็āļāđāļ้āļีāļāļ§่āļēāļื้āļāļู
1. Rationale for screening
- onset
insidious + asymptomatic
- progression
āļāļēāļāđāļĢ็āļ§
- early
detection →
- ↓ vision loss
- ↓ progression rate
ð āļ้āļāļ screen
āļุāļāļāļāļี่āđāļ็āļ DM āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļŠāļĄ่āļģāđāļŠāļĄāļ
2. āļ§ิāļี screening
2.1 Standard methods
ðĒ Dilated fundus
examination (gold standard)
- āđāļāļĒ ophthalmologist/optometrist
- primary
care → sensitivity āļ่āļģ
ðĒ Retinal photography
- digital
stereoscopic imaging
- sensitivity/specificity
āļี
- āđāļ้ telemedicine āđāļ้
2.2 AI screening
- AI-based
detection (mtmDR)
- FDA-approved
(āļāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļāļ)
⚠️ Limitations:
- āđāļ้āđāļ้āđāļāļāļēāļ°:
- āļĒัāļāđāļĄ่āđāļāļĒāļ§ิāļิāļāļัāļĒ DR
- āļŦ้āļēāļĄāđāļ้āđāļ:
- pregnancy
- known
DR (moderate–severe)
- prior
treatment / surgery
- symptomatic
patients
ð āđāļĄ่āđāļāļ ophthalmologist
āđāļāđāļāļŠ high-risk
3. Screening initiation (āļāļģāđāļŦ้āđāļĄ่āļ)
ð§⚕️ Type 2 DM
- āļāļĢāļ§āļāļัāļāļีāļŦāļĨัāļ diagnosis
ð§⚕️ Type 1 DM
- āđāļĢิ่āļĄāļāļĢāļ§āļāđāļ 5 āļีāļŦāļĨัāļ diagnosis
ðķ Children
- āļĄัāļāđāļĄ่āđāļิāļāļ่āļāļāļāļēāļĒุ 10 āļี
4. Screening interval
ðđ No DR
- āļุāļ 1–2 āļี (āļāļēāļ guideline:
2 āļีāđāļ้āđāļ low-risk)
ðđ Any DR
- āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļ้āļāļĒ āļีāļĨāļ°āļāļĢั้āļ
ðđ Moderate–severe DR
- āļี่āļึ้āļ (3–6 āđāļืāļāļ)
ð interval āļ้āļāļ
individualize āļāļēāļĄ severity + risk factors
5. Risk factors →
āļ้āļāļ follow āļี่āļึ้āļ
- long
duration DM
- poor
glycemic control (↑
A1C)
- insulin
use
- proteinuria
/ nephropathy
- baseline
DR severity
6. Special population
ðΰ Pregnancy
- āļāļĢāļ§āļ:
- āļ่āļāļāļั้āļāļāļĢāļĢāļ ์ (āļ้āļē plan)
- trimester
āđāļĢāļ
- follow:
- āļāļĨāļāļ pregnancy
- āļ่āļāđāļื่āļāļ 1 āļี postpartum
ð pregnancy → accelerate DR progression
7. Evidence & outcomes
- screening
+ treatment →
- ↓ blindness
- ↑ person-years of sight āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļĄีāļัāļĒāļŠāļģāļัāļ
ð āđāļ็āļ intervention
āļี่ cost-effective āļĄāļēāļ
8. Practical clinical algorithm (āđāļ้āđāļ้āļāļĢิāļ)
Step 1: DM diagnosis
- T2DM
→ refer eye exam āļัāļāļี
- T1DM
→ plan exam āđāļ 5 āļี
Step 2: classify result
- No
DR → follow 1–2 yr
- NPDR
→ annual / shorter
- Severe
NPDR/PDR → refer
ophthalmology
Step 3: modify risk
- control:
- glucose
- BP
- lipids
9. Clinical pearls
- No
symptom ≠ no disease
- DR
screening = standard of care
- AI
screening = tool āđāļŠāļĢิāļĄ āđāļĄ่āđāļ่ replacement
- pregnancy
= āļ้āļāļ follow āļี่
- interval
āļāļ§āļĢ flexible āđāļĄ่āđāļ่ one-size-fits-all
|
ð Bottom line
|
Prevention & Treatment
ð Key concept
- āđāļ้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ:
preserve vision + slow progression + prevent complications - DR āđāļ็āļāđāļĢāļāļี่
ð “āļ้āļāļāļัāļāđāļ้ + āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđāļ้ (āļ้āļēāļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļāđāļĢ็āļ§)”
1. Risk factors (āļ้āļāļāļāļ§āļāļุāļĄ)
ðī Major
- duration
DM
- hyperglycemia
(A1C)
ð Others
- hypertension
- nephropathy
/ neuropathy
- dyslipidemia
- pregnancy
2. Prevention (cornerstone)
2.1 Glycemic control (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļี่āļŠุāļ)
- ↓ A1C 1% →
- ↓ incidence ~35%
- ↓ progression ~15–25%
⚠️ rapid control → early worsening āđāļ่
long-term benefit āļัāļ
2.2 Blood pressure control
- target:
<130/80 mmHg
- ↓ incidence + ↓ progression + ↓ vitreous hemorrhage
2.3 Lipid management
- statin:
āļĨāļ CVD (āđāļĄ่āđāļ่ DR āđāļāļĒāļāļĢāļ)
- fenofibrate
- ↓ progression DR
- ↓ DME
2.4 Lifestyle
- exercise
→ protective
- āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļ:
- Valsalva
/ high-impact (āđāļ PDR)
- sleep
apnea → treat āļ่āļ§āļĒāļĨāļ risk
3. Treatment overview (āđāļ่āļāļāļēāļĄ lesion)
3.1 Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)
ðī With visual impairment → first-line
ð Anti-VEGF
(intravitreal)
- bevacizumab
(off-label)
- ranibizumab
- aflibercept
- faricimab
Effect
- ↑ vision (≥3
lines)
- ↓ vision loss āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļĄีāļัāļĒāļŠāļģāļัāļ
ðĄ Good VA (≥20/25)
- observation
āđāļ้
- individualized
decision
ð Alternative / adjunct
- focal
laser (poor compliance / adjunct)
- steroid
(refractory cases)
⚠️ Anti-VEGF caveats
- āļ้āļāļāļีāļāļ้āļģ (treatment burden)
- risk:
- endophthalmitis
(rare)
- ↑ IOP
- adherence
āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ
3.2 Nonproliferative DR (NPDR)
- āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่:
ð observe + control systemic factors - Severe
NPDR:
- āļāļēāļāļิāļāļēāļĢāļāļē PRP āļ้āļēāļĄี ischemia āļĄāļēāļ
3.3 Proliferative DR (PDR)
ðī Standard approach
ð Combination therapy
1.
Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)
2.
± Anti-VEGF
PRP (laser)
- ↓ severe vision loss >50%
- āļāļģāļĨāļēāļĒ ischemic retina →
↓ VEGF
āļ้āļāļี
- durable
āļ้āļāđāļŠีāļĒ
- visual
field loss
- night
vision ↓
- macular
edema āđāļĒ่āļĨāļāđāļ้
Anti-VEGF (PDR)
- ↓ neovascularization
- efficacy
≈
PRP (VA outcome)
⚠️ problem:
- āļ้āļāļ follow-up āļ่āļāđāļื่āļāļ
- stop → recurrence āļŠูāļ
3.4 Vitreous hemorrhage / Traction RD
Indications for vitrectomy
- VH āđāļĄ่ clear āđāļ 3–4 wk
- traction
RD involving macula
- recurrent
VH
- progressive
PDR
ð early vitrectomy → outcome āļีāļāļ§่āļēāđāļ severe
cases
4. Special situations
ðΰ Pregnancy
- progression
↑
- āļ้āļāļ monitor closely
ð Antiplatelet /
anticoagulant
- āđāļĄ่āļ้āļāļāļŦāļĒุāļ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļ intravitreal
injection
- surgery
→ individualized
decision
5. Practical algorithm (āđāļ้āļāļĢิāļ)
Step 1: classify
- NPDR
/ PDR / DME
Step 2: decide treatment
- DME → anti-VEGF
- PDR → PRP ± anti-VEGF
- VH /
RD → vitrectomy
Step 3: systemic control
- glucose
- BP
- lipid
6. Clinical pearls
- Anti-VEGF
= first-line DME
- PRP
= cornerstone PDR
- compliance
āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ (miss →
blind)
- DME āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđāļ้āđāļĄ้āđāļĄ่āļĄี PDR
- early
detection āļŠāļģāļัāļāļāļāđ āļัāļ treatment
ð Bottom line
- DR
management =
Systemic control + Early detection + Timely intervention - āļ้āļēāļāļģāļāļĢāļ →
ð āļ้āļāļāļัāļ blindness āđāļ้āđāļāļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ