Chemical Burns
ð§ Key concept (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
- Severity
= concentration + potency + duration of contact
- “The
solution to pollution is dilution” →
irrigation āļŠāļģāļัāļāļี่āļŠุāļ
- Chemical
burn progressive injury (āļ่āļēāļāļāļēāļ thermal burn)
→ āļ้āļāļ reassess
āļ้āļģ
ð§ū 1. Initial Approach
(Primary survey + Decontamination)
ðš ABC āļ่āļāļāđāļŠāļĄāļ
- Airway:
āļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļ inhalation injury
- Breathing:
wheeze, stridor, hypoxia
- Circulation:
shock, large burn →
fluid resuscitation
ðĄ️ Protection (āļŦ้āļēāļĄāļĨืāļĄ)
- āđāļŠ่ PPE āļ่āļāļāļŠัāļĄāļัāļŠāļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ
- āļ้āļāļāļัāļ secondary contamination
ðŋ Decontamination (core
management)
1.
Remove from exposure
2.
āļāļāļāđāļŠื้āļāļ้āļē/āđāļāļĢื่āļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļัāļ
3.
āļัāļāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļŦ้āļāļāļāļāļ่āļāļ (dry
chemicals)
4.
Irrigation āļ้āļ§āļĒāļ้āļģāļāļĢิāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļāļัāļāļี
ð āļĒ้āļģ:
- āđāļĢิ่āļĄ irrigation āđāļĢ็āļ§āļี่āļŠุāļ (āļั้āļāđāļ่ prehospital
āđāļ้āļĒิ่āļāļี)
- āđāļ้āļ้āļģ āļāļĢิāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļēāļ + low pressure + moderate temp
- āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļ high pressure (āļāļģāđāļŦ้ chemical
penetrate āļĨึāļāļึ้āļ)
⏱️ 2. Irrigation Strategy
⏳ Duration
- Acid/alkali
→ āļĨ้āļēāļāļāļ
pH āđāļ็āļāļāļĨāļēāļ
- Alkali
→ āļāļēāļāļ้āļāļ
>2 āļั่āļ§āđāļĄāļ
ð āļŦāļĨัāļ irrigation
- āđāļ็āļ pH āļีāļāļāļĢั้āļāļŦāļĨัāļāļŦāļĒุāļ 5–10 āļāļēāļี
⚠️ 3. Chemicals āļี่
“āļŦ้āļēāļĄāļĨ้āļēāļāļ้āļģāļัāļāļี”
|
Substance |
Management |
|
Dry lime |
āļัāļāļāļāļāļ่āļāļ → āđāļĨ้āļ§āļ่āļāļĒāļĨ้āļēāļ |
|
Elemental metals (Na, K, etc.) |
āđāļ้ dry
removal + mineral oil |
|
Phenol |
āđāļ้ PEG
300/400 āđāļ็āļāļ่āļāļ |
ðŦ 4. Systemic /
Inhalation toxicity
ð suspect āđāļĄื่āļāļĄี:
- dyspnea,
stridor, hoarseness
- wheeze,
rales
- altered
mental status
ð Examples
- Hydrofluoric
acid →
hypocalcemia, arrhythmia
- Phenol
→ CNS + cardiac
toxicity
- Hydrocarbon
→ multisystem
ð āļāļ§āļĢ consult
toxicologist
ðĐš 5. Burn Assessment
- āđāļ้āđāļŦāļĄืāļāļ thermal burn:
- Rule
of 9
- Lund-Browder
⚠️ āđāļ่:
- āļĄัāļ underestimate severity
- āļ้āļāļ reassess āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢั้āļ (days–weeks)
ð 6. General Treatment
- IV
fluid (āļ้āļē TBSA āļĄāļēāļ)
- Analgesia
- Tetanus
prophylaxis
- Topical
antibiotics (non-superficial burn)
ð Antidote → āļĄี role
āļ้āļāļĒ (āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļ°āļĨāļ irrigation)
ð️ 7. Chemical Eye Injury
(āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
ðĻ Emergency!
- Irrigation
āļัāļāļี → āļĨāļ blindness
ðđ Initial steps
- Remove
contact lens
- āļ§ัāļ pH
- irrigation
15–30 āļāļēāļี
ðđ Target
- pH = 6.5–7.5
ðđ Alkali vs Acid
|
Type |
Mechanism |
Severity |
|
Acid |
coagulation necrosis |
āļĄัāļāļāļģāļัāļ |
|
Alkali |
liquefactive necrosis |
āļĢุāļāđāļĢāļāļāļ§่āļē / penetrate
āļĨึāļ |
ðđ āļ้āļāļāļāļģāđāļิ่āļĄ
- Evert
eyelid + remove particles
- irrigation
āļ่āļāļāļ pH āļāļāļิ
- consult
ophthalmology
ð§Š 8. High-yield Specific
Agents
ð§Ž Hydrofluoric Acid (High
yield!!)
⚠️ Life-threatening
- hypocalcemia
- hyperkalemia
- QT
prolongation →
arrhythmia
ðĨ Management
- irrigation
+ calcium gluconate
- topical
gel (2.5%)
- intradermal
/ intra-arterial (severe)
- monitor
ECG + electrolytes
ð§Š Phenol
- absorption
āļŠูāļ → systemic toxicity
- āļŦ้āļēāļĄāđāļ้āļ้āļģāļāļĒ่āļēāļāđāļีāļĒāļ§
ð āđāļ้ PEG āđāļ็āļāļ่āļāļ
ðĨ Alkali (cement,
ammonia)
- penetrate
āļĨึāļ → damage āļĄāļēāļ
- irrigation
āļāļēāļ
ð§ą Cement burn
- delayed
presentation (hours)
- full
thickness āđāļ้
ð§Ļ White phosphorus
- ignite
āđāļĄื่āļāđāļŦ้āļ
ð āļ้āļāļ keep moist + debridement
ðĒ️ Hydrocarbon
- mostly
superficial
- āđāļ่ systemic toxicity āđāļ้
ð§ Clinical Pearls (āļāļāļāļŠāļāļ/āđāļ้āļāļĢิāļ)
- ð
Irrigation = most important treatment
- ❗
āļāļĒ่āļēāļĢāļ antidote
- ❗
Chemical burn = progressive injury →
reassess āļ้āļģ
- ❗
Alkali burn = severe āļāļ§่āļē acid
- ❗
Eye exposure = emergency →
irrigation āļัāļāļี
- ❗
HF acid = āļ้āļāļāļิāļāļึāļ electrolyte + arrhythmia
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ