āļ§ัāļ™āļžāļĪāļŦัāļŠāļšāļ”ีāļ—ี่ 16 āđ€āļĄāļĐāļēāļĒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2569

Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy (CN IV / Trochlear nerve)

Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy (CN IV / Trochlear nerve)

🔑 Key concept

  • CN IV āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄ Superior oblique (SO) muscle āđ€āļ—่āļēāļ™ั้āļ™
  • āļŦāļ™้āļēāļ—ี่āļŦāļĨัāļ:
    • intorsion
    • depression āđƒāļ™ adduction
  • lesion vertical + torsional diplopia

👁️ Clinical presentation

✔️ āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ

  • Vertical diplopia (binocular)
  • Torsional diplopia (āļ āļēāļžāđ€āļ­ีāļĒāļ‡)
  • āđāļĒ่āļ•āļ­āļ™:
    • down gaze (āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āļĨāļ‡āļšัāļ™āđ„āļ”)
  • āļœู้āļ›่āļ§āļĒāļĄัāļ:
    • head tilt āđ„āļ›āļ”้āļēāļ™āļ•āļĢāļ‡āļ‚้āļēāļĄ lesion (compensatory)

✔️ Signs

  • Ipsilateral hypertropia (āļ•āļēāļŠูāļ‡āļ‚ึ้āļ™)
  • Excyclotorsion
  • worse in:
    • contralateral gaze
    • ipsilateral head tilt

🧭 Diagnosis: 3-step test (Parks-Bielschowsky) — high-yield

Step 1: eye āđ„āļŦāļ™āļŠูāļ‡ (hypertropia)

narrow to 4 muscles

Step 2: āđāļĒ่āđƒāļ™ gaze āđ„āļŦāļ™

āđ€āļŦāļĨืāļ­ 2 muscles

Step 3: āđāļĒ่āđƒāļ™ head tilt āđ„āļŦāļ™

pinpoint muscle

👉 Example:

  • Left hypertropia
  • worse in right gaze
  • worse in left head tilt
    Left CN IV palsy

🔍 Bilateral CN IV palsy (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ)

āļ„ิāļ”āļ–ึāļ‡āļ–้āļēāļĄี:

  • alternating hypertropia
  • positive head tilt āļ—ั้āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ‚้āļēāļ‡
  • excyclotorsion >10°
  • V-pattern esotropia
    āļĄัāļāđ€āļิāļ”āļˆāļēāļ trauma

🧎 Etiology

ðŸŸĒ Common causes

Cause

Clue

Congenital (most common overall)

long-standing head tilt

Trauma

bilateral common

Microvascular (DM/HT)

acute onset, elderly


ðŸ”ĩ Others

  • tumor
  • aneurysm (rare)
  • infection / meningitis
  • increased ICP

🧠 Congenital vs acquired (important differentiation)

Feature

Congenital

Acquired

Diplopia

āļĄัāļāđ„āļĄ่āļĄี

āļĄี

Head tilt

chronic

new

Fusional amplitude

āļŠูāļ‡

āļ•่āļģ

Hypertropia

āđƒāļŦāļ่āđ„āļ”้

āļĄัāļāđ€āļĨ็āļ


⚠️ Red flags

  • neurologic deficit āļĢ่āļ§āļĄ brainstem lesion
  • multiple CN cavernous sinus/orbit
  • papilledema ICP

🧊 Evaluation

✔️ Clinical diagnosis āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļŦāļĨัāļ

  • 3-step test
  • torsion measurement (double Maddox rod)

✔️ Imaging (āđ€āļĄื่āļ­āļˆāļģāđ€āļ›็āļ™)

Scenario

Action

Nonisolated

MRI

Atypical

MRI

Congenital āļŠัāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™

āđ„āļĄ่āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ imaging

  • MRI āļ”ีāļāļ§่āļē CT āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļš posterior fossa

⚖️ Differential diagnosis

Condition

Clue

CN III palsy

ptosis + multiple EOM

Thyroid eye disease

proptosis

Myasthenia gravis

variable

Skew deviation

āđ€āļĄื่āļ­ supine


💊 Management

✔️ Conservative

  • patch eye
  • prism (Fresnel)

✔️ Definitive

  • strabismus surgery (persistent)

📈 Prognosis

Cause

Outcome

Microvascular

āļ”ี recover

Trauma

variable

Congenital

stable


ðŸ§ū Clinical pearls

  • CN IV = longest intracranial course injury āļ‡่āļēāļĒ
  • diplopia āđāļĒ่āļ•āļ­āļ™ down gaze = clue āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ
  • head tilt = diagnostic clue āļ—ี่āļ‡่āļēāļĒāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”
  • bilateral CN IV āļ„ิāļ”āļ–ึāļ‡ trauma āļ่āļ­āļ™

🧠 One-line summary

👉 “Vertical diplopia + head tilt opposite side + hypertropia think CN IV palsy”


 

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