Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves’ orbitopathy)
🔑 Key concept
- Autoimmune
orbital disease พบร่วมกับ Graves’ disease เป็นหลัก
- เกิดจาก immune activation ต่อ TSH
receptor + IGF-1 receptor ใน orbital tissue
- ทำให้ extraocular muscle + fat โต → proptosis
+ diplopia
🧬 1. Pathophysiology (เข้าใจให้ลึก = ใช้ clinical reasoning)
- TRAb
+ T-cell activation →
stimulate orbital fibroblast
- → ↑ GAG (hyaluronic acid) → water retention
- → muscle swelling + fat
expansion → ↑ intraorbital pressure
- → proptosis + venous
congestion
👉 จุดสำคัญ:
- TSH
receptor–IGF-1 receptor crosstalk →
basis ของยา teprotumumab
📊 2. Epidemiology
- ~25% ของ Graves’ disease มี clinical TED
- ส่วนใหญ่ mild (≈20%)
- severe
/ sight-threatening <5%
⚠️ 3. Risk factors
- 🚬
Smoking (สำคัญมาก)
- High
TRAb titer
- Radioiodine
therapy
- Poor
thyroid control
- Male → มัก severe
- ↑ cholesterol (statin อาจ protective)
👁️ 4. Clinical features
🔹 Symptoms
- Foreign
body sensation / gritty eye
- Tearing
↑ (wind/light
sensitive)
- Retro-orbital
pain
- Diplopia
- Blurred
vision / color desaturation
- ↓ vision (late)
🔹 Signs (classic)
- Proptosis
(exophthalmos) ⭐
- Periorbital
edema
- Conjunctival
injection / chemosis
- EOM
dysfunction →
diplopia
👉 อาจ asymmetric
/ unilateral ได้
🚨 5. Sight-threatening
disease (ต้องรีบแยก)
- Compressive
optic neuropathy
- Corneal
ulcer (lagophthalmos)
- Globe
subluxation (rare)
👉 พบ
<5% แต่ต้องไม่พลาด
🧪 6. Lab & thyroid
status
- ส่วนใหญ่:
- ↓ TSH
- ↑ T3/T4
- แต่:
- ~10%
euthyroid TED
ตรวจสำคัญ
- TSH,
Free T4, T3
- TRAb
(ช่วย confirm + severity)
🔍 7. Diagnosis
✔️ Clinical diagnosis
- Proptosis
+ thyroid disease →
diagnostic
⚠️ Pitfall
- Lid
lag / stare ≠ TED (ไม่มี proptosis)
🖥️ Imaging (CT/MRI orbit)
Indications
- Atypical
/ unilateral
- Moderate–severe
disease
- Suspect
optic nerve compression
Findings
- EOM
enlargement (spares tendon)
- ↑ orbital fat
🧠 8. Differential
diagnosis
- Orbital
cellulitis
- Orbital
tumor
- Myasthenia
gravis
- Orbital
myositis
- Cushing
/ obesity
- Thyroid
hormone excess (lid lag only)
📋 9. Evaluation (ใช้จริงในคลินิก)
Eye exam ต้องมี:
- Visual
acuity + color vision
- Pupillary
reflex
- EOM
movement
- Proptosis
(exophthalmometer)
- Corneal
exposure
- Visual
field
📊 Severity classification
- Mild
- Moderate–severe
- Sight-threatening
🔥 Activity (CAS score)
- CAS ≥3
→ active disease
→ respond to
immunotherapy
🧠 Clinical pearls
(high-yield)
- 🔴
Smoking = strongest modifiable risk
- 🔴
TED อาจเกิดก่อน / หลัง / พร้อม hyperthyroidism
- 🔴
unilateral → ต้อง exclude tumor
- 🔴
diplopia จาก EOM fibrosis (late phase)
- 🔴
optic neuropathy = emergency
🔄 Disease course
- Active
inflammatory phase →
months–years
- Followed
by fibrotic inactive phase
👉 Treatment
(steroid/biologic) → ได้ผลเฉพาะ active phase
|
📌 Practical summary (จำสั้น)
|
Management & Natural History
🔄 1. Natural history (สำคัญต่อการตัดสินใจรักษา)
- Disease
course:
1.
Active inflammatory phase
2.
Plateau
3.
Inactive fibrotic phase
- สิ่งที่ “หาย”:
- inflammation,
edema
- สิ่งที่ “มักคงอยู่”:
- proptosis
- EOM
dysfunction →
diplopia
👉 Mild → อาจ remission
👉
Moderate–severe → rarely
resolve without treatment
👨⚕️ 2. Core management
principle
✅ Multidisciplinary (Endocrine +
Ophthalmology)
- Control
thyroid function
- Monitor
eye disease progression
- Prevent
vision loss
🧩 3. General measures (ต้องทำในทุกคน)
🔹 1. Restore euthyroid
- Hypothyroidism
→ worsen orbital edema
- Radioiodine
= risk worsening TED ❗
👉 Moderate–severe TED → avoid RAI
🔹 2. Smoking cessation 🚬
- ↑ incidence + severity
- ↓ response to treatment
🔹 3. Local eye care
- Artificial
tears (q2–3 hr)
- Night
ointment + lid taping
- Elevate
head
- Sunglasses
- Prism
/ eye patch (diplopia)
📊 4. Treatment by
severity
🟢 Mild disease
Criteria
- Mild
edema
- No
significant proptosis (<~3 mm)
- No
persistent diplopia
Treatment
- Local
measures (main)
- ± Selenium
100 mcg BID x 6 เดือน
👉 ส่วนใหญ่ไม่ต้อง
immunotherapy
🟡 Moderate–Severe (Active
disease)
👉 ต้องรักษาเชิงรุก
💊 First-line options
1. Glucocorticoids
Indication
- Predominant
inflammation / edema
Preferred
- IV
methylprednisolone:
- 500
mg weekly × 6 wk
- → 250 mg weekly × 6 wk
- total
~4.5–5 g
Key points
- IV
> oral (efficacy + safety)
- response
within ~4 wk
2. Teprotumumab (IGF-1 inhibitor) ⭐
Indication
- Proptosis
/ diplopia / soft tissue
Dose
- IV
q3wk × 8 doses (10 →
20 mg/kg)
Effect
- ↓ proptosis (ดีที่สุดในปัจจุบัน)
- ใช้ได้ทั้ง active + chronic
Adverse
- Hyperglycemia
- Hearing
loss (!! ต้อง monitor)
🔥 Practical decision
- Inflammation
dominant → steroid
- Proptosis/diplopia
→ teprotumumab
🧪 If refractory /
contraindicated
- Tocilizumab
(IL-6)
- Rituximab
(anti-B cell)
- Mycophenolate
+ steroid
- Orbital
radiation (limited role)
🔴 Sight-threatening TED
(Emergency)
Causes
- Compressive
optic neuropathy
- Severe
corneal exposure
🚑 Immediate management
- IV
methylprednisolone:
- 0.5–1
g/day × 3 days
- Admit
+ urgent consult
- If
no response → orbital
decompression surgery
🔪 5. Surgery
(Indications)
Urgent
- Optic
neuropathy refractory to steroid
- Severe
inflammation
Elective
- Disfiguring
proptosis
- Exposure
keratitis
- Persistent
diplopia
👉 Order of surgery:
1.
Decompression
2.
Strabismus surgery
3.
Eyelid surgery
📉 6. Role of radiation
- Limited
benefit
- May
help diplopia
- Use
when steroid contraindicated
🧠 Clinical pearls (ใช้ในเวร/OPD)
- 🔴
TED = biphasic disease →
treat early phase only
- 🔴
Proptosis “ไม่ค่อยหายเอง”
- 🔴
RAI ทำให้ TED แย่ลง (ต้อง steroid
cover ถ้าจำเป็นต้องใช้)
- 🔴
Teprotumumab = drug แรกที่ “ลด proptosis จริง”
- 🔴
Optic neuropathy = emergency →
steroid + surgery
📌 Practical takeaway
- Mild
→ conservative
- Moderate–severe
→ steroid /
teprotumumab
- Sight-threatening
→ IV steroid → surgery
- ทุก case →
control thyroid + stop smoking
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