Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO)
ð Key concept
- RVO = venous
obstruction āļāļāļ retina → vision loss
- āđāļ็āļ 2nd most common retinal vascular cause of blindness
(āļĢāļāļāļāļēāļ DR)
1. Classification (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļ่āļ prognosis)
ðī Central RVO (CRVO)
- occlusion
āļี่ central retinal vein
- āļāļĢāļ°āļāļ āļั้āļ retina
- worst
prognosis
ð āđāļ่āļ:
- ischemic
→ severe, poor outcome
- non-ischemic
→ better
ð Hemiretinal RVO (HRVO)
- āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļĢึ่āļ retina
- āļāļĨ้āļēāļĒ CRVO āđāļ่āļĢุāļāđāļĢāļāļ้āļāļĒāļāļ§่āļē
ðĄ Branch RVO (BRVO) (āļāļāļ่āļāļĒāļŠุāļ)
- occlusion
āļี่ branch vein
- āļĄัāļāđāļิāļāļี่ AV crossing
- localized
lesion
2. Pathophysiology
CRVO
- thrombus
āļี่ lamina cribrosa
BRVO
- arteriole
(atherosclerosis)
→ āļāļ vein → occlusion
3. Risk factors (āļ้āļāļ screen)
- age ↑
- hypertension
(āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
- diabetes
- CVD
- smoking
- hyperlipidemia
- glaucoma
(āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļ° CRVO)
- thrombophilia
(young patients)
4. Clinical presentation
ðī Key: painless vision
loss
CRVO
- sudden
blurred vision (severe)
BRVO
- asymptomatic
āļŦāļĢืāļ
- scotoma
/ blurred vision
HRVO
- blurred
central vision (macular involvement)
5. When to suspect
- age
>50 + vascular risk factors
- sudden
painless monocular vision loss
ð āļ้āļāļ refer
ophthalmology āļ่āļ§āļ
6. Examination (GP level)
Basic exam
- visual
acuity ↓
- visual
field defect
- RAPD
(āđāļ ischemic CRVO)
Fundus (classic)
- hemorrhage
- dilated
tortuous veins
- cotton
wool spots
ð CRVO = “blood and
thunder fundus”
7. Diagnosis
- clinical
+ fundus
- confirm:
- fluorescein
angiography
- OCT:
- assess
macular edema
8. Complications (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
ðī Macular edema
- cause
āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļāļ vision loss
ðī Neovascularization
- retina
/ iris / angle
→ risk: - vitreous
hemorrhage
- neovascular
glaucoma (90-day glaucoma)
9. Prognosis
CRVO
- worse
outcome
- ischemic
→ VA <20/200 āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่
BRVO
- better
- āļāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒ improve āđāļāļ (early phase)
10. Differential diagnosis (high-yield)
- retinal
artery occlusion (pale retina)
- vitreous
hemorrhage
- retinal
detachment (flashes/curtain)
- ischemic
optic neuropathy
11. Systemic implication
- RVO
= marker āļāļāļ:
- stroke
- MI
- CVD
mortality
ð āļ้āļāļ evaluate
systemic risk
12. Practical approach (ER/OPD)
Step 1: suspect
- painless
monocular vision loss
Step 2: basic exam
- VA,
visual field, pupil
Step 3: urgent referral
- ophthalmology
Step 4: systemic workup
- BP
- glucose
/ A1C
- lipid
ðĄ Clinical pearls
- painless
vision loss = vascular cause āļāļāļāļ§่āļēāļāļ°āļิāļŠูāļāļ์āļ§่āļēāđāļĄ่āđāļ่
- CRVO
vs BRVO → prognosis āļ่āļēāļāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ
- macular
edema = target treatment
- neovascularization
→ sight-threatening
- RVO
= systemic vascular disease marker
|
ð Bottom line
|
Treatment
ð Key concept
- ❗
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļี่ “āđāļ้āļāļēāļĢāļุāļāļัāļāļāļāļ vein āđāļ้āđāļāļĒāļāļĢāļ”
- āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē =
ð target complications āļี่āļāļģāđāļŦ้ vision loss
1. Indication for treatment
āđāļŦ้āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđāļĄื่āļāļĄี:
- macular
edema (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļี่āļŠุāļ)
- retinal
neovascularization
- anterior
segment neovascularization
ð āļ้āļēāđāļĄ่āļĄี complication
→ observe āđāļ้
2. Macular edema (first-line)
ðī Anti-VEGF (standard of
care)
- bevacizumab
- ranibizumab
- aflibercept
- faricimab
Effect
- ↓ vascular permeability
- ↓ edema
- ↑ visual acuity
ð early treatment =
outcome āļีāļāļ§่āļē
ð Regimen
- monthly
→ PRN /
treat-and-extend
- long-term
injections āļĄัāļāļāļģāđāļ็āļ
⚠️ Limitations
- treatment
burden āļŠูāļ
- risk:
- endophthalmitis
(rare)
- IOP
↑
3. Alternative therapy
ðĄ Intravitreal steroid
- āđāļ้āđāļĄื่āļ:
- refractory
to anti-VEGF
- āđāļĄ่āļŠāļ°āļāļ§āļāļีāļāļ่āļāļĒ
⚠️ adverse effects
- cataract
- ↑ IOP
ðĄ Laser (role āļĨāļāļĨāļ)
- grid
laser:
- BRVO
(second-line)
- CRVO
→ benefit āļāļģāļัāļ
4. Neovascularization
ðī First-line: Laser
photocoagulation
BRVO
- sector
laser (āđāļāļāļēāļ° area)
CRVO
- panretinal
photocoagulation (PRP)
ð āļĨāļ risk:
- vitreous
hemorrhage
- traction
RD
ð Anti-VEGF
- adjunct
- āđāļ้āđāļĄื่āļ:
- edema
- hemorrhage
āđāļĒāļāļ°
- effect
āđāļĢ็āļ§āļāļ§่āļē laser
5. Anterior segment neovascularization
- risk:
neovascular glaucoma
ð treatment:
- PRP
- ±
anti-VEGF
6. Surgical management
Indications
- persistent
vitreous hemorrhage
- tractional
retinal detachment
- refractory
macular edema
ð procedure:
- vitrectomy
7. What NOT to do (high-yield)
- ❌
āđāļĄ่āđāļ้ antithrombotic / thrombolytic routine
→ evidence āđāļĄ่āļŠāļัāļāļŠāļุāļ
8. Follow-up (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
CRVO (ischemic)
- follow
monthly 6–8 āđāļืāļāļ
→ risk neovascularization āļŠูāļ
Non-severe
- follow
1–3 āđāļืāļāļ
9. Systemic management
āļ้āļāļ control:
- hypertension
- diabetes
- lipid
ð āđāļāļĢāļēāļ°:
- RVO =
marker āļāļāļ systemic vascular disease
ðĄ Clinical pearls
- macular
edema = cause āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļāļ vision loss
- anti-VEGF
= first-line
- PRP
= cornerstone āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļ neovascularization
- CRVO
→ risk glaucoma āļŠูāļ (90-day glaucoma)
- early
treatment → outcome āļีāļāļ§่āļē
|
ð Bottom line
1. anti-VEGF → macular edema 2. laser → neovascularization 3. surgery → complication |
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ