āļ§ัāļ™āļˆัāļ™āļ—āļĢ์āļ—ี่ 13 āđ€āļĄāļĐāļēāļĒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2569

Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO)

Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO)

🔑 Key concept

  • RVO = venous obstruction āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ retina vision loss
  • āđ€āļ›็āļ™ 2nd most common retinal vascular cause of blindness (āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļ DR)

1. Classification (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ•่āļ­ prognosis)

ðŸ”ī Central RVO (CRVO)

  • occlusion āļ—ี่ central retinal vein
  • āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļš āļ—ั้āļ‡ retina
  • worst prognosis

👉 āđāļš่āļ‡:

  • ischemic severe, poor outcome
  • non-ischemic better

🟠 Hemiretinal RVO (HRVO)

  • āļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļšāļ„āļĢึ่āļ‡ retina
  • āļ„āļĨ้āļēāļĒ CRVO āđāļ•่āļĢุāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ™้āļ­āļĒāļāļ§่āļē

ðŸŸĄ Branch RVO (BRVO) (āļžāļšāļš่āļ­āļĒāļŠุāļ”)

  • occlusion āļ—ี่ branch vein
  • āļĄัāļāđ€āļิāļ”āļ—ี่ AV crossing
  • localized lesion

2. Pathophysiology

CRVO

  • thrombus āļ—ี่ lamina cribrosa

BRVO

  • arteriole (atherosclerosis)
    āļāļ” vein occlusion

3. Risk factors (āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ screen)

  • age
  • hypertension (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
  • diabetes
  • CVD
  • smoking
  • hyperlipidemia
  • glaucoma (āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ° CRVO)
  • thrombophilia (young patients)

4. Clinical presentation

ðŸ”ī Key: painless vision loss

CRVO

  • sudden blurred vision (severe)

BRVO

  • asymptomatic āļŦāļĢืāļ­
  • scotoma / blurred vision

HRVO

  • blurred central vision (macular involvement)

5. When to suspect

  • age >50 + vascular risk factors
  • sudden painless monocular vision loss

👉 āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ refer ophthalmology āļ”่āļ§āļ™


6. Examination (GP level)

Basic exam

  • visual acuity
  • visual field defect
  • RAPD (āđƒāļ™ ischemic CRVO)

Fundus (classic)

  • hemorrhage
  • dilated tortuous veins
  • cotton wool spots

👉 CRVO = “blood and thunder fundus”


7. Diagnosis

  • clinical + fundus
  • confirm:
    • fluorescein angiography
  • OCT:
    • assess macular edema

8. Complications (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ)

ðŸ”ī Macular edema

  • cause āļŦāļĨัāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ vision loss

ðŸ”ī Neovascularization

  • retina / iris / angle
    risk:
    • vitreous hemorrhage
    • neovascular glaucoma (90-day glaucoma)

9. Prognosis

CRVO

  • worse outcome
  • ischemic VA <20/200 āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่

BRVO

  • better
  • āļšāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒ improve āđ€āļ­āļ‡ (early phase)

10. Differential diagnosis (high-yield)

  • retinal artery occlusion (pale retina)
  • vitreous hemorrhage
  • retinal detachment (flashes/curtain)
  • ischemic optic neuropathy

11. Systemic implication

  • RVO = marker āļ‚āļ­āļ‡:
    • stroke
    • MI
    • CVD mortality

👉 āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ evaluate systemic risk


12. Practical approach (ER/OPD)

Step 1: suspect

  • painless monocular vision loss

Step 2: basic exam

  • VA, visual field, pupil

Step 3: urgent referral

  • ophthalmology

Step 4: systemic workup

  • BP
  • glucose / A1C
  • lipid

ðŸ’Ą Clinical pearls

  • painless vision loss = vascular cause āļˆāļ™āļāļ§่āļēāļˆāļ°āļžิāļŠูāļˆāļ™์āļ§่āļēāđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่
  • CRVO vs BRVO prognosis āļ•่āļēāļ‡āļัāļ™āļĄāļēāļ
  • macular edema = target treatment
  • neovascularization sight-threatening
  • RVO = systemic vascular disease marker

🔚 Bottom line

  • RVO = common + serious cause of vision loss
  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡:
    • recognize early
    • refer ophthalmology
    • manage systemic risk

Treatment

🔑 Key concept

  • āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļ—ี่ “āđāļ้āļāļēāļĢāļ­ุāļ”āļ•ัāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ vein āđ„āļ”้āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ•āļĢā
  • āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē =
    👉 target complications āļ—ี่āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้ vision loss

1. Indication for treatment

āđƒāļŦ้āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļĄื่āļ­āļĄี:

  • macular edema (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”)
  • retinal neovascularization
  • anterior segment neovascularization

👉 āļ–้āļēāđ„āļĄ่āļĄี complication observe āđ„āļ”้


2. Macular edema (first-line)

ðŸ”ī Anti-VEGF (standard of care)

  • bevacizumab
  • ranibizumab
  • aflibercept
  • faricimab

Effect

  • vascular permeability
  • edema
  • visual acuity

👉 early treatment = outcome āļ”ีāļāļ§่āļē


🟠 Regimen

  • monthly PRN / treat-and-extend
  • long-term injections āļĄัāļāļˆāļģāđ€āļ›็āļ™

⚠️ Limitations

  • treatment burden āļŠูāļ‡
  • risk:
    • endophthalmitis (rare)
    • IOP

3. Alternative therapy

ðŸŸĄ Intravitreal steroid

  • āđƒāļŠ้āđ€āļĄื่āļ­:
    • refractory to anti-VEGF
    • āđ„āļĄ่āļŠāļ°āļ”āļ§āļāļ‰ีāļ”āļš่āļ­āļĒ

⚠️ adverse effects

  • cataract
  • IOP

ðŸŸĄ Laser (role āļĨāļ”āļĨāļ‡)

  • grid laser:
    • BRVO (second-line)
  • CRVO benefit āļˆāļģāļัāļ”

4. Neovascularization

ðŸ”ī First-line: Laser photocoagulation

BRVO

  • sector laser (āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ° area)

CRVO

  • panretinal photocoagulation (PRP)

👉 āļĨāļ” risk:

  • vitreous hemorrhage
  • traction RD

🟠 Anti-VEGF

  • adjunct
  • āđƒāļŠ้āđ€āļĄื่āļ­:
    • edema
    • hemorrhage āđ€āļĒāļ­āļ°
  • effect āđ€āļĢ็āļ§āļāļ§่āļē laser

5. Anterior segment neovascularization

  • risk: neovascular glaucoma

👉 treatment:

  • PRP
  • ± anti-VEGF

6. Surgical management

Indications

  • persistent vitreous hemorrhage
  • tractional retinal detachment
  • refractory macular edema

👉 procedure:

  • vitrectomy

7. What NOT to do (high-yield)

  • āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ้ antithrombotic / thrombolytic routine
    evidence āđ„āļĄ่āļŠāļ™ัāļšāļŠāļ™ุāļ™

8. Follow-up (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ)

CRVO (ischemic)

  • follow monthly 6–8 āđ€āļ”ืāļ­āļ™
    risk neovascularization āļŠูāļ‡

Non-severe

  • follow 1–3 āđ€āļ”ืāļ­āļ™

9. Systemic management

āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ control:

  • hypertension
  • diabetes
  • lipid

👉 āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°:

  • RVO = marker āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ systemic vascular disease

ðŸ’Ą Clinical pearls

  • macular edema = cause āļŦāļĨัāļāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ vision loss
  • anti-VEGF = first-line
  • PRP = cornerstone āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļš neovascularization
  • CRVO risk glaucoma āļŠูāļ‡ (90-day glaucoma)
  • early treatment outcome āļ”ีāļāļ§่āļē

🔚 Bottom line

  • RVO treatment =
    👉 treat complication āđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่ treat occlusion
  • strategy:

1.       anti-VEGF macular edema

2.       laser neovascularization

3.       surgery complication


āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™:

āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™