Intra-arterial Catheter (Arterial line, A-line)
Overview
Intra-arterial catheter คือการใส่สายเข้า artery
เพื่อวัด BP แบบ invasive และใช้ arterial blood sampling อย่างต่อเนื่อง
นิยมใช้ในผู้ป่วยวิกฤตและผ่าตัดใหญ่
ถือเป็น gold standard ของ
continuous BP monitoring โดยเฉพาะในภาวะ hemodynamic
instability
Indications
1. Continuous BP monitoring
เหมาะในผู้ป่วยที่มี:
- Major
surgery
- Hemodynamic
instability
- Shock
- Need
vasopressor/inotrope titration
- Severe
BP fluctuation
- Difficult
noninvasive BP measurement
- Frequent
blood sampling
2. Frequent arterial blood sampling
เช่น
- ABG
- Lactate
- Electrolyte
- Hb
- Point-of-care
coagulation
3. Hemodynamic assessment
ใช้ดู:
- Pulse
pressure variation (PPV)
- Stroke
volume variation (SVV)
- Systolic
pressure variation (SPV)
เพื่อประเมิน fluid responsiveness
4. Waveform interpretation
ใช้ประเมิน pathology เช่น
- Pulsus
paradoxus
- Pulsus
alternans
- Pulsus
bisferiens
- Pulsus
tardus/parvus
Contraindications
Relative contraindications
- Local
infection
- Severe
peripheral vascular disease
- Raynaud
syndrome
- Vascular
insufficiency
- Coagulopathy
- Abnormal
collateral circulation
Site Selection
Common sites
Peripheral arteries
- Radial
artery (most common)
- Brachial
artery
- Dorsalis
pedis artery
Central arteries
- Femoral
artery
- Axillary
artery
Radial artery
Advantages
- Easy
access
- Lowest
infection risk
- Good
collateral circulation
Before insertion
ควรประเมิน collateral flow:
- Allen
test / modified Allen test
- Doppler
ultrasound (ดีที่สุด)
แต่ Allen test predictive value จำกัด
Femoral artery
Advantages
- Large
vessel
- Easy
during shock/CPR
Disadvantages
- Higher
infection risk
- Hematoma/retroperitoneal
bleed risk
Ultrasound Guidance
ปัจจุบันแนะนำ strongly โดยเฉพาะ
difficult access
Benefits:
- Higher
first-pass success
- Fewer
attempts
- Faster
- Less
hematoma
Technique:
- Short-axis
- Long-axis
- Dynamic
needle tip visualization ดีที่สุด
Sterile Technique
Peripheral site
- Chlorhexidine-alcohol
prep
- Sterile
gloves
Central site
- Full
barrier precautions
- Mask
- Cap
- Eye
protection
- Sterile
drape
Local anesthesia
ควรใช้ใน conscious patient
ช่วย:
- ลด pain
- ลด vasospasm
- เพิ่ม success rate
Insertion Techniques
1. Direct puncture
advance catheter directly over needle
2. Guidewire technique (preferred)
- Separate
guidewire
- Integral
guidewire
Guidewire technique:
- Higher
success
- Fewer
punctures
- Faster
Arterial Waveform Interpretation
Normal waveform components
Systolic upstroke
reflect LV ejection
Peak systolic pressure
Dicrotic notch
represents aortic valve closure
Diastolic runoff
Important derived parameters
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Approximation:
MAP ≈
DBP + 1/3 pulse pressure
แต่ accurate เฉพาะ HR
~60 bpm
Pulse pressure
PP = SBP − DBP
Wide pulse pressure
พบใน:
- Stiff
arteries
- AR
- High
SV
Narrow pulse pressure
พบใน:
- Hypovolemia
- Low
SV
- High
SVR
Dynamic indices for fluid responsiveness
Useful only when:
- Controlled
mechanical ventilation
- Regular
rhythm
- Adequate
tidal volume
Indices:
- PPV
(pulse pressure variation)
- SVV
(stroke volume variation)
- SPV
(systolic pressure variation)
Higher variation →
fluid responsive likely
Sources of Error
1. Site-related differences
Peripheral artery:
- Higher
SBP
- Lower
DBP
- Wider
pulse pressure
MAP least affected
2. Incorrect transducer level
ควร level ที่:
- Phlebostatic
axis
- Mid-axillary
line
- Approximate
aortic root
Hydrostatic effect
10 cm height difference ≈ 7.4 mmHg
Zeroing
ต้อง:
- Open
transducer to air
- Zero
monitor
- Then
reconnect to patient
Re-zero when:
- Accuracy
doubtful
- Cable
disconnected
Damping Problems
Overdamping
Causes:
- Air
bubbles
- Clot
- Kink
- Arterial
spasm
Effects:
- Low
SBP
- Narrow
pulse pressure
- MAP
often preserved
Waveform:
- Blunted
- No
ringing on fast flush test
Underdamping
Causes:
- Excess
tubing
- Tachycardia
- Hyperdynamic
circulation
Effects:
- Falsely
high SBP
- Wide
pulse pressure
Waveform:
- Excess
ringing
Fast Flush Test
ใช้ประเมิน dynamic response
Normal
1–2 oscillations
Overdamped
No oscillation
Underdamped
Excess oscillation
Complications
Common complications
Local
- Pain
- Hematoma
- Bleeding
- Infection
Vascular
- Vasospasm
- Thrombosis
- Embolism
- Dissection
- Pseudoaneurysm
Vasospasm
Signs:
- Pain
- Dampened
waveform
- Weak
distal pulse
- Poor
plethysmography
Risk factors:
- Female
- DM
- Large
catheter/artery ratio
Thrombosis
Usually asymptomatic
Signs:
- Cyanosis
- Weak
pulse
- Loss
waveform
Risk factors:
- 72
hr catheter
- Large
catheter
- Low
flow state
- PAD
- Vasospastic
disease
Clinically significant ischemia <1%
Air embolism
Very dangerous in arterial circulation
May cause:
- Stroke
- MI
- Spinal
ischemia
Prevention:
- Remove
air bubbles
- Avoid
aggressive flushing
Accidental intra-arterial drug injection
Can cause:
- Vasospasm
- Thrombosis
- Tissue
necrosis
- Limb
ischemia
High-risk drugs:
- Vasopressors
- Thiopental
- Phenytoin
Infection
Risk increases with:
- Poor
asepsis
- Femoral
site
- Prolonged
duration (>4–5 days)
Femoral site infection risk > radial
Blood loss
Repeated sampling may cause significant anemia
Strategies:
- Closed
blood sampling system
- Minimize
discard volume
Maintenance
General principles
- Remove
ASAP when unnecessary
- Inspect
site daily
- Replace
dressing if wet/dirty
Duration
- Femoral:
avoid >5 days
- Other
sites: avoid >7 days
Removal
Before removal
Check:
- INR/PTT
- Platelet
count
- Antiplatelet/anticoagulant
use
Compression time
Radial artery
- Normally:
5 min
- Coagulopathy:
10 min
Femoral artery
- Normally:
10 min
- Coagulopathy:
15–20 min
After removal
Monitor:
- Hematoma
- Distal
pulse
- Limb
ischemia
Femoral site:
- Keep
hip extended ~2 hr
Key Clinical Pearls
- MAP จาก arterial line เชื่อถือได้มากที่สุด
- MAP มักยังแม่นแม้ waveform overdamped
- Radial
SBP มักสูงกว่า central aortic SBP
- Ultrasound
guidance improves success + reduces complications
- Dynamic
preload indices ใช้ได้เฉพาะ selected patients
- Air
bubble ใน arterial line อันตรายกว่าทาง venous
มาก
- Fast
flush test สำคัญในการวิเคราะห์ waveform artifact
- Remove
arterial line เร็วที่สุดเมื่อไม่จำเป็น เพื่อลด infection/thrombosis
risk
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