āļ§ัāļ™āļĻุāļāļĢ์āļ—ี่ 17 āļ•ุāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2568

Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO)

Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO)

ðŸ”đ āļ™ิāļĒāļēāļĄ

āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—ี่āļāļēāļĢāđ„āļŦāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĨāļģāđ„āļŠ้āđ€āļĨ็āļāļ–ูāļāļ‚ัāļ”āļ‚āļ§āļēāļ‡ āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āđ€āļิāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ„ั่āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĨāļ§ āđāļ๊āļŠ āđāļĨāļ° distention āđ€āļŠี่āļĒāļ‡ ischemia necrosis perforation āļŦāļēāļāđ„āļĄ่āđ„āļ”้āļĢัāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļ—ัāļ™āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē


ðŸ”đ āļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļ”āļ§ิāļ—āļĒāļē

  • SBO = 80% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ mechanical intestinal obstruction āļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ”
  • āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•ุ 3 āļ­ัāļ™āļ”ัāļšāđāļĢāļ: Adhesions (60–70%) > Hernia > Tumor
  • 20–30% āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ SBO āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”
  • Ischemia āļžāļšāđ„āļ”้ 7–42% āđ€āļžิ่āļĄ mortality

ðŸ”đ āļžāļĒāļēāļ˜ิāļŠāļĢีāļĢāļ§ิāļ—āļĒāļē

  • Obstruction proximal bowel dilatation fluid sequestration third space loss hypovolemia, electrolyte imbalance
  • Distention āļĄāļēāļ venous + lymphatic obstruction wall edema compromised mucosal perfusion
  • Closed-loop obstruction segment āļ–ูāļāļ­ุāļ”āļั้āļ™āļ—ั้āļ‡ proximal + distal āđ€āļŠี่āļĒāļ‡ strangulation āļŠูāļ‡āļŠุāļ”

ðŸ”đ āđāļš่āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—

āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—

āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨิāļ™ิāļ

Partial vs Complete

Complete āđ€āļŠี่āļĒāļ‡ ischemia/necrosis āļĄāļēāļ

Acute vs Chronic

Acute āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ exclude strangulation

Simple vs Strangulated

Strangulated = āļĄี compromised blood flow (emergency)

Closed-loop

āļĄี obstruction 2 āļˆุāļ” high risk ischemia


ðŸ”đ Etiologies (āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•ุāļŦāļĨัāļ)

Extrinsic: adhesions (āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”āļĄāļēāļ่āļ­āļ™), hernia, volvulus
Intrinsic: tumor, Crohn stricture, radiation enteritis
Intraluminal: gallstone ileus, bezoar, foreign body, intussusception

Adhesions āļ„ืāļ­āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•ุāļŦāļĨัāļ āđāļĄ้āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļ•ิāļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ” (virgin abdomen)


ðŸ”đ Clinical Presentation

āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨัāļ

  • Colicky abdominal pain (periumbilical, every 4–5 min)
  • Nausea/vomiting (āļĄāļēāļāđƒāļ™ proximal SBO)
  • Obstipation (complete obstruction)
  • Abdominal distention (āđ€āļ”่āļ™āđƒāļ™ distal SBO)
  • Fever, constant pain, tachycardia, peritonitis āļŠāļ‡āļŠัāļĒ strangulation

Signs of Strangulation/Bowel Ischemia (Red Flag)

Continuous pain
Fever, leukocytosis
Tachycardia, hypotension
Peritoneal sign, rebound tenderness
Metabolic acidosis, elevated lactate

āļžāļš 1 āļ‚้āļ­āļ‚ึ้āļ™āđ„āļ› āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ” emergent


ðŸ”đ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄิāļ™āđ€āļšื้āļ­āļ‡āļ•้āļ™ (ER Initial Management)

1.       Fluid resuscitation: large bore IV, crystalloids

2.       NPO + NG decompression (if vomiting/distension)

3.       Electrolyte correction

4.       Labs: CBC, CMP, lactate, ABG, ± blood culture

5.       Analgesia, antiemetics


ðŸ”đ Imaging

Modality

āļšāļ—āļšāļēāļ—

Plain X-ray

Initial: dilated loops, air-fluid levels

CT with IV contrast (gold standard)

Identify SBO, transition point, cause, severity, ischemia

CT findings of ischemia: bowel wall thickening, pneumatosis, portal venous gas, mesenteric stranding, free fluid

Ultrasound

Useful in pregnancy/bedside

MRI

āđƒāļŠ้āđƒāļ™āļŦāļิāļ‡āļ•ั้āļ‡āļ„āļĢāļĢāļ ์, young pts āļŦāļĨีāļāđ€āļĨี่āļĒāļ‡āļĢัāļ‡āļŠี


ðŸ”đ āđ€āļāļ“āļ‘์āđāļĒāļ SBO vs Ileus

SBO (mechanical)

Ileus (functional)

Colicky pain

Constant discomfort

High-pitched bowel sounds early hypoactive

Minimal/absent bowel sounds

Transition point on imaging

No transition point

Distal bowel collapsed

Colon & rectum still have gas


ðŸ”đ Management Overview

Non-operative (70–80% of adhesive SBO)

āđƒāļŠ้āđƒāļ™ āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี peritonitis / ischemia / closed-loop

  • NG decompression
  • IV hydration, electrolyte correction
  • Observe 24–48 hr
  • Gastrografin challenge (āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāļ—ั้āļ‡ diagnosis & therapy)

Operative indications

āļ–้āļēāļžāļš āļŦāļ™ึ่āļ‡āļ‚้āļ­ āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”

  • Signs of strangulation
  • Complete SBO āđ„āļĄ่āļ”ีāļ‚ึ้āļ™āđƒāļ™ 24–48 hr
  • Closed-loop obstruction
  • Hernia incarceration
  • Tumor / Crohn stricture refractory

ðŸ”đ āļŠāļĢุāļ› Algorithm (āļ‰ุāļāđ€āļ‰ิāļ™)

1.       Stabilize (ABC, IV, NG)

2.       CT Scan with contrast

3.       Strangulation?

o   Yes OR

o   No Conservative 24–48 hr

4.       Response?

o   Yes Continue non-op

o   No OR

 

Key Takeaways āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļšāđāļžāļ—āļĒ์

  • SBO āļ„ืāļ­ surgical emergency āļˆāļ™āļāļ§่āļēāļˆāļ°āļžิāļŠูāļˆāļ™์āđ„āļ”้āļ§่āļēāđ„āļĄ่āđƒāļŠ่
  • Early CT āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ§ิāļ™ิāļˆāļ‰ัāļĒāđāļĨāļ° stratify risk
  • Strangulation = āļŦ้āļēāļĄāļĢāļ­ āđƒāļŦ้āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”āļ—ัāļ™āļ—ี
  • Adhesion SBO āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่āļ•āļ­āļšāļŠāļ™āļ­āļ‡ non-operative
  • Closed-loop SBO āļĄัāļāđ„āļĄ่āļžāļš abdominal distention āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ›āļĨ่āļ­āļĒāđƒāļŦ้ CT āļĨ่āļēāļŠ้āļē

Management of Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO)

🧭 Overview

Small bowel obstruction (SBO) = āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ‰ุāļāđ€āļ‰ิāļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļĻัāļĨāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļ—ี่āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ stabilize stratify decide (operative vs non-operative) āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢ็āļ§ āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļ›้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļ™ bowel ischemia āđāļĨāļ° mortality.


ðŸ”ī Initial Steps (ER Bundle)

Admit + Consult āļĻัāļĨāļĒāđāļžāļ—āļĒ์āļ—ัāļ™āļ—ี (āđ„āļĄ่āļĢāļ­āļœāļĨ CT āļ่āļ­āļ™ consult)
NPO, āļ‡āļ”āļ™้āļģāļ‡āļ”āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ
IV Fluid aggressively (LR āļŦāļĢืāļ­ NS) correct hypovolemia, electrolyte
Insert NG tube āļ–้āļēāļĄี distension, vomiting, proximal obstruction
Analgesia + Antiemetics
Antibiotics āđƒāļŦ้āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“ีāļŠāļ‡āļŠัāļĒ strangulation, ischemia, perforation, sepsis āļŦāļĢืāļ­āđ€āļ•āļĢีāļĒāļĄāđ€āļ‚้āļēāļŦ้āļ­āļ‡āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”


ðŸĐš Indications for IMMEDIATE Surgery

(āļ–้āļēāļžāļš āļŦāļ™ึ่āļ‡āļ‚้āļ­āđƒāļ”āļ‚้āļ­āļŦāļ™ึ่āļ‡ No trial of non-operative management)

Clinical Red Flags

Radiologic Red Flags

Fever, SIRS

Free air (perforation)

Tachycardia refractory to fluid

Pneumatosis intestinalis

Severe continuous pain

Portal venous gas

Peritonitis

Closed-loop obstruction

Metabolic acidosis, lactate

Mesenteric swirl, reduced enhancement

WBC > 16K, CRP > 75

>500 mL free fluid on CT

👉 āđƒāļŦ้ OR āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™āļŠั่āļ§āđ‚āļĄāļ‡ (Damage control surgery)


ðŸŸĄ Indications for Urgent (Non-emergent) Surgery

(āļĒัāļ‡ stable āđāļ•่ obstruction unlikely to resolve without surgery)

  • Incarcerated hernia (āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี strangulation)
  • Volvulus
  • Intussusception āđƒāļ™āļœู้āđƒāļŦāļ่
  • Gallstone ileus
  • Small bowel tumor (curative intent)

👉 āļ—āļģāļŦāļĨัāļ‡ resuscitation āđ€āļŠāļĢ็āļˆ (āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 12–24 āļŠāļĄ.)


ðŸŸĒ Candidates for Non-Operative Management (Trial 24–72 hr)

āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļāļĢāļ“ี “Adhesive SBO” āļŦāļĢืāļ­ “Partial SBO” āđāļĨāļ° āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļŠัāļāļāļēāļ“ bowel compromise

Component āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Conservative Management:

  • NPO
  • NG decompression
  • IV fluid + electrolyte correction
  • Monitor urine output, vitals, labs
  • Gastrografin challenge (āļ–้āļēāđ„āļĄ่ contraindicated)

āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē:

  • 3 āļ§ัāļ™ (AAST/WSES)
  • 5 āļ§ัāļ™ (EAST)

āļŦ้āļēāļĄāđ€āļิāļ™ 5 āļ§ัāļ™: āđ€āļžิ่āļĄ morbidity/mortality

👉 āļ–้āļē 48 āļŠāļĄ. āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี improvement āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļĄี deterioration āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”


🌊 Gastrografin Challenge (āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ° Adhesive SBO)

  • āđƒāļŦ้āļœ่āļēāļ™ NG tube (100 mL undiluted), clamp 2–4 hr
  • X-ray KUB āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 6–24 hr:
    • āļŦāļēāļ contrast āđ€āļ‚้āļēāļĨāļģāđ„āļŠ้āđƒāļŦāļ่ SBO āļ™่āļēāļˆāļ° resolve āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄ diet
    • āļ–้āļēāđ„āļĄ่āđ€āļ‚้āļē āļžิāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”

āļ‚้āļ­āļŦ้āļēāļĄ: āļŠāļ‡āļŠัāļĒ ischemia, perforation, pregnancy, postoperative SBO, severe vomiting risk aspirate


ðŸŽŊ Criteria āļ—ี่āļ—āļģāļ™āļēāļĒāļ§่āļē Non-op Likely to Fail

(āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ•āļĢีāļĒāļĄ OR āđ„āļ§้āđāļ•่āđ€āļ™ิ่āļ™ āđ†)

  • Pain >4 āļ§ัāļ™
  • Guarding
  • CRP >75 mg/L
  • WBC >10K
  • Free fluid >500 mL
  • Reduced wall enhancement on CT

3 āļ‚้āļ­ Specificity 90% āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”


🔚 Outcome & Recurrence

āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē

āļ­ัāļ•āļĢāļēāļŠāļģāđ€āļĢ็āļˆ

Recurrence risk

Non-operative (adhesive SBO)

65–83%

recurrence āļŠูāļ‡

Operative adhesiolysis

āļĨāļ” recurrence 50%

āđ€āļžิ่āļĄ adhesion āļ–้āļēāļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ”āđ€āļ›ิāļ”āđāļšāļš open

Laparoscopic adhesiolysis

āļ”ีāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”āđƒāļ™ virgin abdomen āļŦāļĢืāļ­ single-band adhesion


Summary Algorithm

1. SBO diagnosed Admit + Surgical consult

2. Assess stability:

   - If signs of compromise OR immediately

   - If surgically correctable cause (non-adhesive) urgent surgery

   - If adhesive SBO without compromise Non-op trial

3. Begin NG, IV fluids, monitor

4. Consider Gastrografin within 24h

5. Daily reassessment:

   - Resolution advance diet

   - Stable but no improvement within 3–5 days surgery

   - Any deterioration immediate surgery


āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™:

āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™