Crohn disease (CD)
ð INTRODUCTION
Crohn disease āđāļ็āļāļŦāļึ่āļāđāļāļāļĨุ่āļĄ Inflammatory
bowel disease (IBD) āļี่āļĄีāļĨัāļāļĐāļāļ°:
- Transmural
inflammation
- āļāļāđāļ้ āļุāļāļŠ่āļ§āļāļāļāļ GI tract āļั้āļāđāļ่āļāļēāļāļึāļāļāļ§āļēāļĢāļŦāļัāļ
- āļĄัāļāļāļ skip lesions
- āđāļ่āļāļāļēāļĄāļāļģāđāļŦāļ่āļāđāļĨāļ°āļĨัāļāļĐāļāļ°āđāļĢāļ (Montreal classification)
āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĒāļāļģāđāļŦāļ่āļāļāļāļāđāļĢāļ:
- Ileum
involvement ~80% (ileitis only ~33%)
- Ileocolitis
~50%
- Colon
only ~20% (rectal sparing āļāļāđāļ้)
- Perianal
disease ~33%
- Upper
GI involvement 5–15%
ðŊ CLINICAL FEATURES
āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļģāļัāļ (Cardinal symptoms)
|
āļāļēāļāļēāļĢ |
āļĨัāļāļĐāļāļ°āđāļ่āļ |
|
Abdominal pain |
RLQ pain (ileal disease),
colicky, obstruction episodes |
|
Diarrhea |
āļĄัāļāđāļ็āļāđāļĢื้āļāļĢัāļ,
āļāļēāļāđāļĄ่āļĄีāđāļĨืāļāļ (āđāļ่ occult blood āđāļ้),
bile salt diarrhea |
|
Fatigue, weight loss |
āļāļēāļāļĨāļ intake
āđāļĨāļ° malabsorption |
|
Fever |
āļŦāļēāļ aggressive
inflammation āļŦāļĢืāļ abscess |
Transmural disease →
Complications
|
āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđāļāļĢāļāļ้āļāļ |
Key clinical |
|
Fistula (enterocutaneous,
enteroenteric, enterovesical, enterovaginal) |
UTI recurrent with pneumaturia,
drainage, diarrhea |
|
Abscess |
Fever + localized peritonitis |
|
Stricture |
SBO symptoms, crampy pain |
|
Perianal disease |
Pain, drainage, abscess, fistula |
Other GI involvement
- Mouth:
aphthous ulcer
- Esophagus:
odynophagia/dysphagia
- Gastroduodenal
disease: PU-like symptoms
Malabsorption
- Terminal
ileum >100 cm → fat
malabsorption, vitamin deficiencies
- Short
ileal disease →
cholerrheic diarrhea
ð EXTRA-INTESTINAL
MANIFESTATIONS (āļāļ ~25–40%)
|
System |
Examples |
|
Joint |
Peripheral arthritis (20%),
spondyloarthritis |
|
Eye |
Uveitis, episcleritis |
|
Skin |
Erythema nodosum, pyoderma
gangrenosum |
|
Hepatobiliary |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
(5%) |
|
Kidney |
Calcium oxalate / uric acid
stones |
|
Bone |
Osteoporosis (steroid +
malabsorption) |
ð§Š DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
āđāļ้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ
1.
Rule out infection and mimickers
2.
Confirm segmental + transmural inflammation
3.
Evaluate disease severity and complications
Initial Workup
|
Modalities |
Notes |
|
Lab tests |
CBC, LFT, electrolytes, albumin,
iron/ferritin, B12, vitamin D, CRP |
|
Stool tests |
C. difficile, culture O&P |
|
Fecal calprotectin |
āļŦāļēāļāļāļāļิ → IBD
unlikely |
|
Ileocolonoscopy + biopsies |
Gold standard for diagnosis |
|
Small bowel imaging: CTE/MRE |
Evaluate extent, stricturing,
fistula, abscess |
Colonoscopic classic findings:
- Cobblestoning
- Deep
ulceration
- Skip
lesions
- Rectal
sparing
- Non-caseating
granuloma (~30%) → supportive
but not diagnostic
Imaging hallmark
- Wall
thickening, stratified enhancement
- Comb
sign (engorged vasa recta)
- Creeping
fat
- Upstream
dilatation in strictures
- Abscess/fistula
visualization
ð DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- Ulcerative
colitis →
continuous, rectal involvement, bloody stool
- Infectious
colitis (including TB, Yersinia, Amebiasis)
- Celiac
disease
- IBS
(no inflammatory markers)
- Lactose
intolerance
- Diverticular
colitis
- GI
malignancy, appendicitis
ð PROGNOSIS
- Chronic
intermittent course
- ~20%
prolonged remission after initial episode
- Complications
(stricture/fistula) risk ~50% within 20 years
Risk factors for progressive disease
- Age
<40
- Smoking
(āļŠāļģāļัāļāļŠุāļ!)
- Perianal
disease
- Steroid-requiring
disease
Risk of surgery
- ~50%
undergo resection within 10 years
ð️ CANCER & MORTALITY
RISK
- Colorectal
cancer risk ↑ if
colonic involvement long-standing
- Small
bowel adenocarcinoma ↑
- Thiopurine
therapy → ↑ lymphoma risk
- Slight
↑ overall mortality
(SMR ~1.38)
ð Clinical Pearls
- Smoking
cessation = āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ
- Avoid
NSAIDs → āļāļēāļ trigger flare
- Monitor
nutrition: iron, B12, D, calcium
- Perianal
symptoms always evaluate for fistula/abscess
Mild, Low risk Crohn disease Treatment
1. āļāļāļāđāļāļāļŦัāļ§āļ้āļ
- āđāļ้āļ āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ Crohn disease āļĢāļ°āļัāļ mild,
low-risk
- āđāļĨืāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĄ:
- āļāļģāđāļŦāļ่āļāđāļĢāļ (ileum, proximal colon, left colon/colitis āļŊāļĨāļŊ)
- āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢุāļāđāļĢāļ (mild vs moderate–severe)
- āđāļ้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ: induction of remission vs maintenance
of remission
- āļĒāļēāļŦāļĨัāļāļี่āđāļี่āļĒāļ§āļ้āļāļ:
- 5-aminosalicylates
(5-ASA: mesalamine, sulfasalazine)
- Glucocorticoids:
budesonide, prednisone
- Immunomodulators:
azathioprine, 6-MP, methotrexate
- Biologics:
anti-TNF, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, risankizumab (āđāļ้āļĄāļēāļāđāļ moderate–severe)
2. āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄิāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢุāļāđāļĢāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠี่āļĒāļ
2.1 Disease activity scores
āđāļ้āđāļāļāļēāļāļ§ิāļัāļĒ/āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļĨิāļิāļ:
- CDAI
(Crohn Disease Activity Index)
- Harvey–Bradshaw
Index (HBI)
āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠัāļĄāļัāļāļ์: - CDAI
<150 ≈ HBI <4 →
clinical remission
- āļĨāļ CDAI 100 points ≈ āļĨāļ HBI
3 points
- Steroid-dependent:
āļ้āļāļāđāļ้ glucocorticoid āļ่āļāđāļื่āļāļāļึāļāļุāļĄāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļ้
→ āđāļĄ่āļืāļāļ§่āļēāđāļ็āļ remission
āļัāļāļุāļัāļāđāļ้āļāļĢāļ§āļĄ:
- āļāļēāļāļēāļĢ
- objective
markers: CRP, fecal calprotectin
- Endoscopic
/ radiologic findings
- Patient-reported
outcomes
2.2 āļิāļĒāļēāļĄ low-risk mild CD (AGA)
Low-risk, mild CD āļĄัāļāļĄี:
- āļāļēāļāļēāļĢ āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļŦāļĢืāļāđāļĨ็āļāļ้āļāļĒ
- CRP āđāļĨāļ°/āļŦāļĢืāļ fecal calprotectin āļāļāļิāļŦāļĢืāļāļึ้āļāđāļĨ็āļāļ้āļāļĒ
- āļāļēāļĒุāļ§ิāļิāļāļัāļĒ >30 āļี
- Disease
extent āļāļģāļัāļ (limited bowel involvement)
- āđāļāļĨ superficial āļŦāļĢืāļāđāļāļāđāļĄ่āļĄี ulceration
āđāļ colonoscopy
- āđāļĄ่āļĄี perianal complications
- āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļēāļĢāļ่āļēāļัāļāļĨāļģāđāļŠ้āļĄāļēāļ่āļāļ
- āđāļĄ่āļĄี stricturing āļŦāļĢืāļ penetrating
disease
āļ้āļēāļ āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨัāļ:
- āļĄี complication
- āļ้āļāļāđāļ้ steroid āļ้āļģ
- imaging
āļāļ bowel damage āđāļิ่āļĄ
→ āļāļēāļāļ้āļāļ re-classify āđāļ็āļ moderate/high-risk
3. āļāļĨāļĒุāļāļ์āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē: Step-up vs
Top-down
3.1 Step-up therapy
- āđāļĢิ่āļĄāļāļēāļāļĒāļē āļĪāļāļิ์āļ่āļāļ–āļāļēāļāļāļĨāļēāļ āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠี่āļĒāļāļ้āļēāļāđāļีāļĒāļāļ้āļāļĒ
- āļāļĒัāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļี่āđāļĢāļāļāļ§่āļē (immunomodulator/biologic) āļŦāļēāļ:
- āļāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāđāļĄ่āļี
- āļ้āļāļāđāļ้ steroid āļ้āļģāļŦāļĢืāļāļ้āļēāļāļāļēāļ
āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļัāļ: āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ mild,
low-risk (āļŦัāļ§āļ้āļāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļี้)
3.2 Top-down therapy
- āđāļĢิ่āļĄāļ้āļ§āļĒ biologic ± immunomodulator āļั้āļāđāļ่āļ้āļ
- āđāļ้āđāļ moderate–severe / high-risk CD
- āļ้āļāļี:
- āđāļ้āļēāļŠู่ remission āđāļĢ็āļ§āļāļ§่āļē
- āļāļēāļāļĨāļ bowel damage / surgery / escalation āđāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§
4. āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē Induction of remission āđāļ mild Crohn disease
āļŦāļĨัāļ: āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ mild, low-risk → āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļ outpatient
āļ้āļ§āļĒāļĒāļēāļิāļ āđāļĨืāļāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļģāđāļŦāļ่āļāđāļĢāļ
4.1 Ileum āđāļĨāļ°/āļŦāļĢืāļ proximal colon
involvement
4.1.1 First-line: Budesonide (controlled ileal release)
- āļ้āļāļ่āļāđāļ้: mild CD āļี่ distal ileum
/ ileocecal / right colon
- āļāļāļēāļ:
- 9
mg/day āļāļēāļāļāļĒ่āļēāļāļ้āļāļĒ 4 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์
(āļĢāļ§āļĄāđāļĄ่āđāļิāļ 8 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์)
- āļāļēāļāļั้āļ taper 3 mg āļุāļ 2–4 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์
- āļĢāļ§āļĄāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđāļ§āļĨāļēāļĢัāļāļĐāļē 8–12 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์/āļāļāļĢ์āļŠ
- āđāļĄ่āļāļ§āļĢāđāļ้āđāļิāļ 12 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์āļ่āļāļāļāļĢ์āļŠ
- āļ้āļē taper āđāļĄ่āđāļ้āļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 3–6 āđāļืāļāļ → āļืāļāļ§่āļēāļ้āļāļ escalate therapy (thiopurine āļŦāļĢืāļ biologic →
āđāļ้āļēāļāļĨุ่āļĄ moderate–severe)
āļ้āļāļี:
- First-pass
hepatic metabolism āļŠูāļ → systemic
side effects āļ้āļāļĒāļāļ§่āļē prednisone
- āļĄีāļŦāļĨัāļāļāļēāļ RCT/meta-analysis āļŠāļัāļāļŠāļุāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļ้āđāļ ileal/right
colonic CD
4.1.2 Alternative: Prednisone
āđāļ้āđāļĄื่āļ:
- āđāļĄ่āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļ้ budesonide āļŦāļĢืāļāđāļĄ่āļāļāļāļŠāļāļāļ
- āđāļĢāļāļāļ§้āļēāļāđāļิāļāļāļĢิāđāļ§āļāļี่ budesonide āļāļāļāļĪāļāļิ์
āļāļāļēāļ:
- Prednisone
40 mg/day 1 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์ → āļ้āļēāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļีāļึ้āļ
→ taper 5–10 mg/āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์
→ āļāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļŦāļĒุāļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 1–2 āđāļืāļāļ
āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļุ:
- āļŦāļēāļāļ้āļāļāđāļ้ prednisone āļ่āļāđāļื่āļāļāļāļ§āļāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ → āđāļĄ่āđāļ่
low-risk āļีāļāļ่āļāđāļ
- āđāļĄ่āđāļ้ steroid systemic āđāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ° maintenance
āđāļāļĢāļēāļ° adverse effects āļĄāļēāļ
4.1.3 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA)
- āļāļĢāļ°āļŠิāļāļิāļ āļēāļāļ่āļ luminal CD āļāļģāļัāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ้āļāļĄูāļĨāļัāļāđāļĒ้āļ
- āļิāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāđāļāļāļēāļ°:
- āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ mild CD āļี่āđāļĄ่āļāļĒāļēāļāđāļ้ steroid
- Disease
āļāļģāļัāļāđāļ ileocolonic āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļĄ่āļĄāļēāļ
- āđāļ้ mesalamine āļāļิāļ slow release (āđāļ่āļ Pentasa) āļāļāļēāļāļŠูāļ (≥2–2.4
g/day) āļŦāļēāļāļāļ°āđāļ้
- Sulfasalazine
āđāļĄ่āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļัāļ pure ileitis (āļ้āļāļāļāļēāļĻัāļĒ colonic
bacteria āđāļāļāļēāļĢ cleave)
āļ้āļāļŠāļĢุāļāļāļēāļ meta-analysis:
- āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāđāļĄ่āļāļāļ§่āļē mesalamine āļีāļāļ§่āļē placebo
āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļัāļāđāļāļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļ induction
- āļŦāļēāļāđāļีāļĒāļāļัāļ budesonide →
āļĄัāļ inferior
4.2 Diffuse colitis / left-sided Crohn colitis
4.2.1 First-line: Prednisone
- āđāļāļ°āļāļģ Prednisone 40 mg/day 1 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์ → taper
5–10 mg/āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์
- āļāļĒāļēāļĒāļēāļĄāļŦāļĒุāļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 1–2 āđāļืāļāļ
4.2.2 Alternative: Sulfasalazine
- āļāļāļēāļ 3–6 g/day āļāļēāļ ~16 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์
- āļĄี data āļ§่āļēāļีāļāļ§่āļē placebo āđāļ isolated colitis āđāļ่:
- inferior
āļ่āļ glucocorticoid āđāļāļāļēāļĢ induce
remission
- āļĄี side effects āļĄāļēāļāļāļ§่āļē (fever,
leukopenia, agranulocytosis āļŊāļĨāļŊ)
4.3 Asymptomatic, incidentally found mild disease
āļāļĢāļี:
- Colonoscopy
screening → āļāļ small, shallow aphthous ulcers āđāļ terminal
ileum/colon
- āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ
āđāļāļ§āļāļēāļ:
- āļĒัāļāđāļĄ่āļ้āļāļāđāļŦ้āļĒāļē
- āļิāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ + repeat ileocolonoscopy āđāļ 6–12
āđāļืāļāļ
- āļ้āļēāļĄีāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨัāļāļ่āļāļĒāđāļ้āļēāļŠู่ algorithm induction
4.4 Other sites
- Oral
lesions (aphthous ulcer, granulomatous cheilitis āļŊāļĨāļŊ)
- āļĄัāļāļีāļึ้āļāđāļĄื่āļāļุāļĄ intestinal disease āđāļ้
- āđāļŦ้ topical steroid (āđāļ่āļ triamcinolone
acetonide) āđāļื่āļāļĨāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāđāļ็āļ
- Gastroduodenal
CD
- āļĄัāļāđāļ็āļ moderate–severe; āđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļāļĒู่āđāļāļāļ
moderate–severe CD
- Perianal
disease
- perianal
abscess/fistula → āļืāļāđāļ็āļ moderate/high-risk
- āļ้āļāļāđāļ้ biologic/immunomodulator + surgical drainage āļāļēāļĄāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļ perianal CD
5. āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē Maintenance of remission
5.1 āļŦāļĨัāļ induction āļ้āļ§āļĒ
glucocorticoid (budesonide/prednisone)
āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļēāļĢ:
- āđāļĨิāļāđāļ้ steroid āđāļĄื่āļ taper āđāļ้
- āļāļģ clinical observation + ileocolonoscopy āļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 6–12 āđāļืāļāļ
āđāļĄ่āļāļ§āļĢ:
- āđāļ้ prednisone āđāļ็āļ maintenance
(adverse effects āļĄāļēāļ)
- āđāļ้ budesonide maintenance āļāļēāļāđāļิāļ 3–6
āđāļืāļāļ (āđāļĄ้āļĄี FDA approve 6 mg/day ≤3
āđāļืāļāļ āđāļ่ meta-analysis āļāļāļ§āļē benefit
āđāļ่āđāļĨ็āļāļ้āļāļĒ + adrenal suppression)
āļ้āļēāļ้āļāļāđāļ้ steroid āđāļื่āļāļุāļĄāđāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§:
- āļืāļāļ§่āļē steroid-dependent → āđāļĢิ่āļĄ thiopurine āļŦāļĢืāļ methotrexate āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļ maintenance
/ steroid-sparing
5.2 āļŦāļĨัāļ induction āļŦāļĢืāļāļāļēāļĢāļุāļĄāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ้āļ§āļĒ
5-ASA / sulfasalazine
- āļŦāļēāļāđāļ้ 5-ASA āļŦāļĢืāļ sulfasalazine āđāļĨ้āļ§āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļ:
- āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ āļāļāļĒāļēāđāļิāļĄāđāļ็āļ maintenance (āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļ° Crohn colitis)
- āđāļ่ meta-analysis āđāļŠāļāļāļ§่āļē mesalamine/sulfasalazine
āđāļĄ่āļĨāļ relapse āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļĄีāļัāļĒāļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ
- āļāļēāļāļĄีāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļĢื่āļāļ chemoprevention colorectal cancer āđāļ colonic IBD
5.3 āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒāļี่āđāļĄ่āđāļ้āļĢัāļ induction
therapy (asymptomatic mild endoscopic disease)
- āđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāļŦāļĨัāļ:
- Observe
+ repeat colonoscopy 6–12 āđāļืāļāļ
- āļāļēāļāđāļĨืāļāļ:
- āđāļŦ้ oral 5-ASA maintenance āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļ้āļē lesion
āļāļĒู่āđāļ colon (āđāļ่ data āļŠāļัāļāļŠāļุāļāļ้āļāļĒ)
5.4 Monitoring āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļ remission
- Clinical:
āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļ้āļāļ, āļ่āļēāļĒ, āļ้āļģāļŦāļัāļ, fatigue
- Objective:
- CRP,
fecal calprotectin
- Ileocolonoscopy
6–12 āđāļืāļāļ āđāļื่āļāļู mucosal healing
- āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļุ:
- CRP
āđāļĄ่āļŠัāļĄāļัāļāļ์āļัāļ endoscopic activity āđāļāļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒ
→ āđāļĄ่āļāļ§āļĢāđāļ้āđāļี่āļĒāļ§āđ
6. āļāļēāļĢāļัāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĄื่āļ Relapse
āļāļĢāļีāļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ low-risk āļี่āđāļ้
steroid āļāļ remission āđāļĨ้āļ§āļŦāļĒุāļāļĒāļē āđāļ่āļĄี
relapse:
1.
āđāļŦ้ glucocorticoid
course āļี่āļŠāļāļ (prednisone āļŦāļĢืāļ budesonide
āļāļēāļĄāļāļģāđāļŦāļ่āļāđāļĢāļ)
2.
āđāļĢิ่āļĄ thiopurine
(azathioprine āļŦāļĢืāļ 6-MP) āļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļ้āļ§āļĒāđāļื่āļāđāļ็āļ
steroid-sparing / maintenance
3.
āļ้āļēāđāļĄ่āļāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļ่āļ second
steroid course:
o reclassify
āđāļ็āļ moderate/high-risk
o āđāļ้āļēāļŠู่āđāļāļ§āļāļēāļ biologic / combination therapy (top-down)
7. Adjunctive & Supportive Therapies
7.1 Antidiarrheal
āđāļ้āđāļ้āđāļĄื่āļ:
- mild
CD
- āđāļĄ่āļĄี suspicion obstruction āļŦāļĢืāļ severe
active inflammation
āļัāļ§āļāļĒ่āļēāļ:
- Loperamide
2–4 mg āļŦāļĨัāļāļ่āļēāļĒāđāļŦāļĨāļ§ (āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļ high dose)
- Cholestyramine
/ bile acid sequestrant:
- āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļัāļ non-stricturing ileal disease + bile salt
diarrhea āļŦāļĢืāļ post-ileal resection
- āđāļĢิ่āļĄ 4 g/day →
āđāļิ่āļĄāđāļ้āļึāļ 16 g/day āđāļ่āļāđāļŦ้āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢั้āļ
- āļ้āļēāđāļĄ่āļāļ → āđāļ้ colestipol/colesevelam āđāļāļ
7.2 Probiotics
- āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļēāļāļัāļāļุāļัāļ: āđāļĄ่āļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠิāļāļิāļ āļēāļāļัāļāđāļāļ āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļ induction
āļŦāļĢืāļ maintenance āđāļ Crohn
disease
7.3 Antibiotics
- āđāļĄ่āđāļ้ routine āđāļ mild luminal CD
- Meta-analysis
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļĨāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĒāļāļ์āđāļ่ modest āđāļĨāļ°āļĄี heterogeneity
āļŠูāļ
- āđāļ้ metronidazole / ciprofloxacin āđāļāļāļēāļ°āļāļĢāļีāļāļģāđāļāļēāļ°
(āđāļ่āļ perianal disease, abscess, bacterial overgrowth)
7.4 Dietary interventions
- Crohn
ileal disease →
lactose intolerance āļāļāđāļ้āļ่āļāļĒ
- āđāļŦ้ trial lactose-free diet
- āļ้āļēāļีāļึ้āļāļŦāļĢืāļ breath test positive → āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļ lactose āđāļĨāļ°āđāļŠāļĢิāļĄ calcium ± vitamin D
- āļิāļāļēāļĢāļāļē:
- Multivitamin
- Nutrition
support (āļŦāļēāļāļĄีāļุāļāđāļ āļāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ)
- Elimination
diets āļāļēāļĄāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ (āļูāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļีāļĒāļāđāļāļāļ nutrition for IBD)
8. Health Maintenance āđāļāļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ Crohn
disease
āļāļ§āļĢāļิāļāļึāļāļāļ§āļāļู่āļัāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđāļŠāļĄāļ:
- āļ§ัāļāļีāļ (influenza, pneumococcus, HBV, HPV, zoster āļŊāļĨāļŊ) āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļ่āļāļāđāļĢิ่āļĄ immunosuppressive/biologic
- Screening:
- Bone
density (steroid use, malabsorption)
- Skin
cancer / lymphoma āđāļāļู้āđāļ้ thiopurine āļŦāļĢืāļ
biologics
- Colonoscopic
dysplasia surveillance āđāļ colonic involvement
- āļāļĢāļ§āļāđāļĨāļ°āļัāļāļāļēāļĢ:
- āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠี่āļĒāļāļิāļāđāļื้āļ
- āļ āļēāļ§āļ° metabolic / cardiovascular
- Depression
/ anxiety āļี่āļĄัāļāļāļāđāļāđāļĢāļāđāļĢื้āļāļĢัāļ
Medical management of high-risk moderate to severe Crohn
disease
ð āļิāļĒāļēāļĄ High-risk
& Moderate–Severe Crohn
āļĄัāļāļĄีāļŦāļึ่āļāļŦāļĢืāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĒ่āļēāļāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļ:
- Dx āļāļēāļĒุ <30 āļี
- Active/recent
smoking
- CRP
/ Fecal calprotectin āļŠูāļ
- Deep
ulcers, long-segment involvement
- Perianal
disease
- Extra-intestinal
manifestations
- Prior
resections
- Steroid-refractory
āļŦāļĢืāļ relapse āļŦāļĨัāļ taper
ðĻ Acutely ill Crohn —
Indications for Admission
- Partial
SBO → NG suction + IV
fluid ± IV steroid (āļ้āļēāđāļĄ่āļĄี infection), āļิāļāļēāļĢāļāļē surgery āļŦāļēāļ fail
- Localized
peritonitis →
Broad-spectrum IV Abx, consult surgery, āļĄัāļāļีāļึ้āļ 3–4
āļ§ัāļ
- Intra-abdominal
abscess → Drainage +
Abx → plan resection
- VTE
prophylaxis āļุāļāļāļ (LMWH)
ðŊ Treatment Goal
- Clinical
+ Endoscopic + Histologic remission
- Prevent
structural damage / surgery / disability
ð Induction Therapy
(Outpatient moderate–severe)
āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļēāļĢ: Biologic ± Immunomodulator āļั้āļāđāļ่āđāļĢāļ
āđāļĨืāļāļāļึ้āļāļัāļāļĨัāļāļĐāļāļ°āđāļĢāļ / āļāļēāļĒุ / safety
|
Clinical scenario |
Preferred regimen |
|
Fistulizing disease
(perianal/enterocutaneous) |
Anti-TNF + Thiopurine
(Infliximab + AZA/6-MP) |
|
Biologic-naÃŊve, luminal disease |
Anti-TNF (IFX/ADA) ± thiopurine āļŦāļĢืāļ IL-23/IL-12/23 (Risankizumab/Ustekinumab) |
|
Concern infection/malignancy, age
>60 |
Vedolizumab monotherapy |
|
Failure of anti-TNF |
Switch class → IL-23/IL-12/23 /
Vedolizumab / JAK inhibitor |
|
Rapid control symptoms |
Short course Prednisone
bridge → start biologic
concurrently |
Thiopurine monotherapy āđāļĄ่āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļ induction
(onset āļ้āļē)
Anti-TNF Therapy
- Infliximab
/ Adalimumab > Certolizumab āđāļ efficacy
- Combination
(anti-TNF + AZA/6-MP) > monotherapy āđāļ induction
& mucosal healing
- āļ้āļāļāļāļģ TB & HBV screening āļ่āļāļ
Other Targeted Agents
|
Drug class |
Agents |
Notes |
|
IL-23 inhibitors |
Risankizumab, Mirikizumab,
Guselkumab |
āļีāļ่āļ endoscopic
healing, āđāļ้āđāļ็āļ first-line āđāļ้ |
|
IL-12/23 inhibitor |
Ustekinumab |
āļีāļั้āļ naÃŊve
āđāļĨāļ° anti-TNF failure |
|
Anti-integrin |
Vedolizumab |
Good safety esp. elderly |
|
JAK inhibitors |
Upadacitinib |
Rapid onset; risk herpes
zoster/thrombosis |
ð Refractory Disease
Options
- Optimize
anti-TNF (TDM-guided):
- Low
drug + antibodies →
switch anti-TNF
- Low
drug – antibodies → dose
escalate or shorten interval
- Normal
drug – antibodies → switch
class
- Dual-target
biologic therapy (CATT)
- Surgery
(stricture, fistula, refractory disease)
- HSCT
(āđāļāļāļēāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒ, āļ้āļāļĄูāļĨāļĒัāļāļāļģāļัāļ)
ðĄ Maintenance Therapy
āļŦāļĨัāļ: Continue agent that induced
remission
|
If remission achieved with |
Maintenance |
|
Anti-TNF ± thiopurine |
Continue anti-TNF; āļิāļāļēāļĢāļāļē
stop thiopurine āļี่ 12–24 mo āļŦāļēāļ low
risk |
|
Anti-IL-23/IL-12/23 |
Continue long-term |
|
Vedolizumab |
Continue long-term |
|
JAK inhibitor |
Continue long-term |
|
Steroid-induced remission |
Switch to biologic/thiopurine (āļŦ้āļēāļĄāđāļ้ steroid maintain) |
Monitoring 6–12 āđāļืāļāļ:
- Colonoscopy
→ mucosal healing
- CRP
+ Fecal calprotectin
⚠️ Safety & Special
Populations
|
Population |
Preferred approach |
|
Age >60 |
Avoid long-term combination
therapy → monotherapy
(Vedolizumab/IL-23/UST/anti-TNF) |
|
Young males <35 |
āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļ thiopurine
āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§ (HSTCL risk ↑) |
|
Pregnancy |
Continue biologic āļี่āļāļĨāļāļāļ ัāļĒ
(āļู guideline āđāļāļāļēāļ°) |
ð§Ž Thiopurine-related
Hepatosplenic T-cell Lymphoma (HSTCL)
- Rare
overall (~1:45,000)
- High
risk = Male <35 + Thiopurine >2 yr + Anti-TNF → risk ~1:3500
ð§Đ Perianal/Fistulizing
Crohn
- Anti-TNF
+ Immunomodulator 12–24 mo
- Surgical
seton drainage āļĢ่āļ§āļĄāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē
- āđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļ็āļāļ้āļāļāđāļ้ antibiotic āđāļ§้āļāđāļ่āļĄี infection
ðĐš Practical Outpatient
Checklist
- Baseline:
TB, HBV, CBC, LFT, TPMT genotype (if thiopurine)
- Vaccinations
review (Shingrix if JAK inhibitor planned)
- Avoid
NSAIDs, stop smoking
- Nutrition
assessment & osteoporosis prevention
ð Key Takeaways
- Biologic
early improves long-term bowel outcomes
- Combination
therapy best for fistulas but consider age-related risks
- TDM
essential in loss of response
- Steroids
only short-term bridging
- Aim
for deep remission — not just symptom relief
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ