Overview of Anesthesia Care
1. ðŊ āđāļ้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļāļ
Anesthesia
- āļĨāļ/āļāļģāļัāļ pain (analgesia)
- āļĨāļ anxiety / awareness
- āļāļģāđāļŦ้āđāļิāļ amnesia + muscle relaxation
- āļāļ physiologic homeostasis
- hemodynamic
stability
- oxygenation
/ ventilation
- normothermia
- perioperative
support: fluid, blood, vasoactive drugs, ventilator, metabolic control
2. ð§ Scope āļāļāļ
Anesthesia
- āđāļŦ้āļāļĢิāļāļēāļĢāđāļ:
- OR,
L&D, IR, cath lab, MRI/CT, endoscopy
- āļĢูāļāđāļāļ:
- General
anesthesia (GA)
- Neuraxial
(spinal, epidural)
- Regional
(nerve block)
- Monitored
anesthesia care (MAC)
- āļāļĢāļāļāļāļĨุāļĄ:
- preop
evaluation
- intraoperative
care
- PACU
/ ICU care
- acute
& chronic pain management
3. ⚠️ Preanesthetic Evaluation
Core components
- āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄิāļ risk + optimize patient
- āļ§āļēāļ anesthetic plan
Risk stratification
- āđāļ้ ASA Physical Status
- ASA
āļŠูāļ → ↑ morbidity, ICU admission, LOS, mortality
Key risk domains
- Airway
(difficult ventilation/intubation)
- Pulmonary
- Cardiovascular
- Anemia
- Neurocognitive
risk
- Frailty
Important points
- informed
consent + shared decision making
- fasting
guideline → āļĨāļ aspiration risk
4. ð Types of Anesthesia
4.1 General Anesthesia (GA)
Goals
- unconsciousness,
amnesia, analgesia, immobility
Phases
1.
Induction
o IV:
propofol, etomidate, ketamine ± opioid, midazolam
o ±
NMBA (for intubation)
2.
Maintenance
o inhalation
agents āļŦāļĢืāļ TIVA
3.
Emergence
o return
consciousness + extubation
Airway devices
- Facemask
- Supraglottic
airway (SGA)
- Endotracheal
tube (ETT)
Special
- RSII → aspiration risk
- difficult
airway → awake
intubation
4.2 Neuraxial Anesthesia
- Spinal
/ Epidural / CSE
- āđāļ้āđāļ lower abdomen / lower limb
- Epidural
→ continuous infusion
4.3 Peripheral Nerve Block
- āđāļ้ ultrasound guidance
- āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ° extremity surgery
- āđāļŦ้ postoperative analgesia āļี
4.4 Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)
- sedation
+ monitoring
- patient
āļĒัāļāļĄี consciousness āļāļēāļāļŠ่āļ§āļ
- āļ้āļāļ ready convert →
GA
- āđāļ้āđāļ procedure āļี่āđāļĄ่ invasive āļĄāļēāļ
4.5 Conscious Sedation (non-anesthesia provider)
- light–moderate
sedation
- āļ้āļāļ maintain airway āđāļ้āđāļāļ
5. ð Monitoring āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļ Anesthesia
Standard (ASA)
- Pulse
oximetry
- ECG
- NIBP
- Capnography
- Temperature
GA āđāļิ่āļĄāđāļิāļĄ
- ETCO₂
- FiO₂
- ET
anesthetic concentration
- EEG
(BIS) → depth of
anesthesia
Advanced monitoring
- A-line
- CVC /
PAC
- TEE
6. ðĨ Postoperative Care
(PACU)
Disposition
- PACU
(āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่)
- ICU
(critical / intubated)
- fast-track
discharge (āļāļēāļāļĢāļēāļĒ MAC)
Common complications
- Pain
- PONV
- Respiratory
complications
- Cardiovascular
instability
- Hypo-/hyperthermia
- Delirium
/ delayed emergence
- Urinary
retention
7. ð Safety
- anesthesia
mortality ↓ āļĄāļēāļ
- āļāļēāļ ~1:10,000 →
1:200,000–300,000
- āļัāļāļัāļĒāļŠāļģāļัāļ:
- monitoring
- protocol
- communication
(handoff)
- cognitive
aids
ð Key Clinical Pearls
- āđāļĄ่āļĄี “best anesthesia” āđāļāļ absolute → āļ้āļāļ individualized
- Airway
assessment = critical step
- sedation
→ continuum → āļāļēāļ transition
āđāļ็āļ GA
- MAC āļ้āļāļāļāļĢ้āļāļĄ manage airway āļāļĨāļāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē
- neuraxial
+ regional → key role
in multimodal analgesia
- ASA
class āđāļ้ predict outcome āđāļ้āļี
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ