āļ§ัāļ™āļˆัāļ™āļ—āļĢ์āļ—ี่ 20 āđ€āļĄāļĐāļēāļĒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2569

Overview of Anesthesia Care

Overview of Anesthesia Care

1. ðŸŽŊ āđ€āļ›้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Anesthesia

  • āļĨāļ”/āļāļģāļˆัāļ” pain (analgesia)
  • āļĨāļ” anxiety / awareness
  • āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āđ€āļิāļ” amnesia + muscle relaxation
  • āļ„āļ‡ physiologic homeostasis
    • hemodynamic stability
    • oxygenation / ventilation
    • normothermia
  • perioperative support: fluid, blood, vasoactive drugs, ventilator, metabolic control

2. 🧠 Scope āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Anesthesia

  • āđƒāļŦ้āļšāļĢิāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļ™:
    • OR, L&D, IR, cath lab, MRI/CT, endoscopy
  • āļĢูāļ›āđāļšāļš:
    • General anesthesia (GA)
    • Neuraxial (spinal, epidural)
    • Regional (nerve block)
    • Monitored anesthesia care (MAC)
  • āļ„āļĢāļ­āļšāļ„āļĨุāļĄ:
    • preop evaluation
    • intraoperative care
    • PACU / ICU care
    • acute & chronic pain management

3. ⚠️ Preanesthetic Evaluation

Core components

  • āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄิāļ™ risk + optimize patient
  • āļ§āļēāļ‡ anesthetic plan

Risk stratification

  • āđƒāļŠ้ ASA Physical Status
    • ASA āļŠูāļ‡ morbidity, ICU admission, LOS, mortality

Key risk domains

  • Airway (difficult ventilation/intubation)
  • Pulmonary
  • Cardiovascular
  • Anemia
  • Neurocognitive risk
  • Frailty

Important points

  • informed consent + shared decision making
  • fasting guideline āļĨāļ” aspiration risk

4. 💉 Types of Anesthesia

4.1 General Anesthesia (GA)

Goals

  • unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, immobility

Phases

1.       Induction

o   IV: propofol, etomidate, ketamine ± opioid, midazolam

o   ± NMBA (for intubation)

2.       Maintenance

o   inhalation agents āļŦāļĢืāļ­ TIVA

3.       Emergence

o   return consciousness + extubation

Airway devices

  • Facemask
  • Supraglottic airway (SGA)
  • Endotracheal tube (ETT)

Special

  • RSII aspiration risk
  • difficult airway awake intubation

4.2 Neuraxial Anesthesia

  • Spinal / Epidural / CSE
  • āđƒāļŠ้āđƒāļ™ lower abdomen / lower limb
  • Epidural continuous infusion

4.3 Peripheral Nerve Block

  • āđƒāļŠ้ ultrasound guidance
  • āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ° extremity surgery
  • āđƒāļŦ้ postoperative analgesia āļ”ี

4.4 Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC)

  • sedation + monitoring
  • patient āļĒัāļ‡āļĄี consciousness āļšāļēāļ‡āļŠ่āļ§āļ™
  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ ready convert GA
  • āđƒāļŠ้āđƒāļ™ procedure āļ—ี่āđ„āļĄ่ invasive āļĄāļēāļ

4.5 Conscious Sedation (non-anesthesia provider)

  • light–moderate sedation
  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ maintain airway āđ„āļ”้āđ€āļ­āļ‡

5. 📊 Monitoring āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļ‡ Anesthesia

Standard (ASA)

  • Pulse oximetry
  • ECG
  • NIBP
  • Capnography
  • Temperature

GA āđ€āļžิ่āļĄāđ€āļ•ิāļĄ

  • ETCO
  • FiO
  • ET anesthetic concentration
  • EEG (BIS) depth of anesthesia

Advanced monitoring

  • A-line
  • CVC / PAC
  • TEE

6. ðŸĨ Postoperative Care (PACU)

Disposition

  • PACU (āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่)
  • ICU (critical / intubated)
  • fast-track discharge (āļšāļēāļ‡āļĢāļēāļĒ MAC)

Common complications

  • Pain
  • PONV
  • Respiratory complications
  • Cardiovascular instability
  • Hypo-/hyperthermia
  • Delirium / delayed emergence
  • Urinary retention

7. 📉 Safety

  • anesthesia mortality āļĄāļēāļ
    • āļˆāļēāļ ~1:10,000 1:200,000–300,000
  • āļ›ัāļˆāļˆัāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„ัāļ:
    • monitoring
    • protocol
    • communication (handoff)
    • cognitive aids

🔑 Key Clinical Pearls

  • āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี “best anesthesia” āđāļšāļš absolute āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ individualized
  • Airway assessment = critical step
  • sedation continuum āļ­āļēāļˆ transition āđ€āļ›็āļ™ GA
  • MAC āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļžāļĢ้āļ­āļĄ manage airway āļ•āļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē
  • neuraxial + regional key role in multimodal analgesia
  • ASA class āđƒāļŠ้ predict outcome āđ„āļ”้āļ”ี

 

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