Preoperative Evaluation & Risk Assessment
ðđ 1. āđāļ้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨัāļāļāļāļ
Preoperative evaluation
- āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄิāļ medical condition + perioperative risk +
readiness
- āļāļĢัāļāļŠāļ āļēāļāļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļŦ้āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ่āļāļāļ่āļēāļัāļ (optimization)
- āđāļ้āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļ shared decision-making + informed consent
- āļ§āļēāļāđāļāļ anesthesia + postoperative care
ðđ 2. āļāļāļ์āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļŠāļģāļัāļ
ð§ū History & Physical
- āđāļĢāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļัāļ§ / allergy / complication āļāļēāļ anesthesia
āđāļิāļĄ
- āļĒāļēāļั้āļāļŦāļĄāļ (āļĢāļ§āļĄ OTC + supplement)
- āļāļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļิ bleeding / thrombosis
- social:
smoking, alcohol, substance
- prior
airway difficulty / malignant hyperthermia
ðŦ Focus exam (āđāļāļĒ anesthesia)
- Airway,
heart, lungs
- Vital
signs, BMI
- Dentition
(āđāļŠี่āļĒāļ injury)
ð Functional capacity
- āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢ predict risk
- <4
METs āļŦāļĢืāļ DASI <34 → increased risk
- Poor
exercise tolerance →
complication ↑ 2 āđāļ่āļē
ðđ 3. Risk assessment (āļŦัāļ§āđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄิāļ)
ð Risk = Patient
factors + Surgical risk
ð§ Patient factors
- ASA-PS
(class 3–5 →
risk ↑)
- Frailty
→ predictor āļŠāļģāļัāļāļี่āļŠุāļ
- Age
>65
- Comorbidities
(HF, CAD, CKD, COPD)
ðŽ Biomarkers
- BNP /
NT-proBNP / Troponin →
āđāļ้āđāļ cardiac risk
ðŠ Surgical risk
- High
risk: vascular, intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, emergency
- Low
risk: cataract, minor procedures
ðđ 4. Tools āļี่āļāļ§āļĢāđāļ้
- ACS
NSQIP calculator →
best overall tool
- RCRI → cardiac risk
- MICA → MI/cardiac arrest
- STOP-BANG
→ OSA
ðđ 5. Timing āļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄิāļ
- Low-risk
+ healthy → āļāļģāļ§ัāļāļ่āļēāļัāļāđāļ้
- High-risk
/ elderly → āļ้āļāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄิāļāļĨ่āļ§āļāļŦāļ้āļē
- Pre-op
clinic āļ่āļ§āļĒāļĨāļ
- cancellation
- LOS
- mortality
ðđ 6. Red flag conditions āļี่āļ้āļāļ optimize āļ่āļāļāļ่āļēāļัāļ
❤️ Cardiovascular
- Decompensated
HF → delay surgery
- Severe
valvular disease (AS, MS)
- Uncontrolled
arrhythmia / heart block
- Recent
MI / unstable CAD
ð§ Neuro
- Recent
stroke → delay
elective surgery
ðŦ Pulmonary
- COPD,
pulmonary HTN, OSA
ð§Š Metabolic / systemic
- CKD → āļāļĢāļ§āļ Cr
/ electrolyte
- Liver
disease → āđāļ้ FIB-4 screening
- Diabetes
→ infection risk ↑ (target HbA1c ~<7.5–8%)
ðĐļ Hematologic
- Anemia
→ mortality ↑
- Bleeding
risk / anticoagulation
- VTE
risk → prophylaxis
plan
ðđ 7. Geriatric assessment
(āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
- Frailty
(FRAIL / Clinical frailty scale)
- Cognitive
impairment (Mini-Cog)
- ADL
dependence
- Fall
history
ð Frailty > age āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļĒ outcome
ðđ 8. Lifestyle factors
- Smoking
→ pulmonary + wound
complication ↑
- Alcohol
→ complication + ICU ↑
- Malnutrition
→ mortality ↑
- Obesity
→ airway difficulty +
OSA
ðđ 9. Preoperative testing
- ❌
āđāļĄ่āļāļ§āļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļ routine
- ✔
āļāļĢāļ§āļāđāļĄื่āļ:
- āļĄี symptom āđāļŦāļĄ่
- disease
unstable
- āļāļĨāļāļĢāļ§āļāđāļāļĨี่āļĒāļ management
ðđ 10. BP & HT (āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ็āļāļี่āļāļēāļĄāļัāļāļ่āļāļĒ)
- āļ้āļē <180/110 mmHg → āđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļ็āļāļ้āļāļāđāļĨื่āļāļāļ่āļēāļัāļ
- ACEi/ARB
→ āļāļēāļāļāļģ hypotension
intra-op
ðđ 11. Postoperative
planning
- ICU /
monitoring level
- discharge
planning
- rehab
/ SNF (āđāļ elderly frail)
ðđ 12. Informed consent
& shared decision
- āđāļ้āļ:
- mortality
/ complication risk
- functional
outcome
- āđāļ้ risk calculator āļ่āļ§āļĒāļāļิāļāļēāļĒ
- DNR → āļ้āļāļ discuss
āđāļĒāļ
ðŧ Key clinical takeaways
(āđāļ้āļāļĢิāļāđāļ ER/ward)
- Functional
capacity + frailty = predictor āļŠāļģāļัāļāļี่āļŠุāļ
- Decompensated
HF / unstable cardiac →
āļŦāļĒุāļāļ่āļāļ
- BP
<180/110 → āđāļĄ่āļ้āļāļ delay
- āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļĢāļ§āļ lab āđāļāļ routine
- High-risk
patient → āļ้āļāļ plan āļĨ่āļ§āļāļŦāļ้āļē + multidisciplinary
- Pre-op
= āđāļāļāļēāļŠ optimize āļāļāđāļ้ āđāļĄ่āđāļ่āđāļ่ clearance
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ