āļ§ัāļ™āļ­ัāļ‡āļ„āļēāļĢāļ—ี่ 21 āđ€āļĄāļĐāļēāļĒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2569

Preoperative Fasting

Preoperative Fasting

1. Purpose (Key concept)

👉 āđ€āļ›้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨัāļ = āļĨāļ” risk āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ pulmonary aspiration

  • aspiration morbidity + mortality
  • risk āļŠูāļ‡āļŠุāļ”āđ€āļĄื่āļ­:
    • volume āļĄāļēāļ
    • pH āļ•่āļģ (<2.5)
    • āļĄี particulate

2. Incidence & severity (āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļĢู้)

  • incidence: ~1:3,000–7,000 anesthetics
  • mortality: ~1:72,000–100,000
  • āđƒāļ™ airway-related death:
    👉 aspiration = cause āļ­ัāļ™āļ”ัāļš 1 (~50%)

3. Physiology (high-yield)

✔️ Gastric volume

  • fasting āļ›āļāļ•ิ ~1.5 mL/kg (āļ–ืāļ­āļ§่āļē empty stomach)

✔️ Gastric emptying

Type

Emptying

Clear liquid

āđ€āļĢ็āļ§āļĄāļēāļ (~90 āļ™āļēāļ—ีāļŦāļĄāļ”)

Solid

āļŠ้āļē (6 āļŠāļĄ.)

Fatty food

āļŠ้āļēāļĄāļēāļ (8 āļŠāļĄ.)


4. Standard fasting guideline (āđƒāļŠ้āļˆāļĢิāļ‡)

✔️ Adult (ASA guideline)

Intake

Fasting time

Clear liquid

2 āļŠั่āļ§āđ‚āļĄāļ‡

Non-clear liquid / milk

6 āļŠั่āļ§āđ‚āļĄāļ‡

Light meal

6 āļŠั่āļ§āđ‚āļĄāļ‡

Fatty meal / meat

8 āļŠั่āļ§āđ‚āļĄāļ‡

👉 āđƒāļŠ้āļัāļš:

  • GA
  • deep sedation
  • MAC
  • regional anesthesia

5. Clear liquid (high-yield detail)

✔️ āļ•ัāļ§āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡:

  • āļ™้āļģ
  • juice āđ„āļĄ่āļĄี pulp
  • coffee/tea (no milk)

✔️ insight:

  • āļ”ื่āļĄāđ„āļ”้āļˆāļ™ 2 āļŠāļĄ.āļ่āļ­āļ™āļœ่āļē
  • āļĨāļ”:
    • thirst
    • anxiety
  • gastric volume fasting overnight

👉 ASA 2023:

  • āļ”ื่āļĄāđ„āļ”้āļ–ึāļ‡ ~400 mL āļ่āļ­āļ™ 2 āļŠāļĄ.

6. Important nuances (āļŠāļ­āļšāļ­āļ­āļāļŠāļ­āļš / āđƒāļŠ้āļˆāļĢิāļ‡)

ðŸ”đ Coffee + milk

  • controversial
  • āļšāļēāļ‡ guideline treat = clear liquid (āļ–้āļēāļ™ิāļ”āđ€āļ”ีāļĒāļ§)

ðŸ”đ Chewing gum

  • āđ„āļĄ่āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļĨื่āļ­āļ™ case
    👉 āđāļ„่āđ€āļ­āļēāļ­āļ­āļāļ่āļ­āļ™

ðŸ”đ Alcohol

  • āđ„āļĄ่āļ–ืāļ­āđ€āļ›็āļ™ clear liquid
    delay gastric emptying

7. Excessive fasting (clinical pitfall)

fasting āļ™āļēāļ™āđ€āļิāļ™:

  • dehydration hypotension induction
  • insulin resistance
  • catabolism

👉 āļ›ัāļāļŦāļēāļ—ี่āđ€āļˆāļ­āļš่āļ­āļĒ = fasting āļ™āļēāļ™āđ€āļิāļ™ guideline


8. Special populations (āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļĄāļēāļ)


ðŸ”ī 8.1 High aspiration risk (āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļ‡)

  • gastroparesis
  • bowel obstruction
  • GERD severe
  • achalasia
  • GLP-1 agonist use

👉 management:

  • RSI + intubation
  • consider gastric ultrasound

ðŸ”ī 8.2 Diabetes

  • gastroparesis fast solid 8 āļŠāļĄ.
  • liquid guideline āļ›āļāļ•ิ

ðŸ”ī 8.3 GLP-1 agonists ( emerging topic)

  • delayed gastric emptying
  • residual gastric content (OR ~6)

✔️ Practical approach

  • hold 1 dose (āļšāļēāļ‡ guideline)
  • clear liquid diet 24 āļŠāļĄ.
  • assess GI symptoms

👉 āļ–้āļēāļĄี risk:

  • RSI / intubation
  • āļŦāļĢืāļ­ ultrasound

ðŸ”ī 8.4 Obesity

  • āđƒāļŠ้ guideline āļ›āļāļ•ิ

ðŸ”ī 8.5 GERD

  • guideline āļ›āļāļ•ิ
  • consider:
    • PPI / metoclopramide
    • RSI if symptomatic

ðŸ”ī 8.6 Post-bariatric surgery

  • aspiration risk
  • consider:
    • fasting longer
    • RSI

ðŸ”ī 8.7 Tube feeding

Type

Recommendation

Gastric tube

stop 6–8 āļŠāļĄ.

Post-pyloric

āļ­āļēāļˆāđ„āļĄ่āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĒุāļ”

Intubated (cuffed tube)

āļ­āļēāļˆ continue


9. Gastric ultrasound (clinical tool)

👉 āđƒāļŠ้āđ€āļĄื่āļ­:

  • fasting history unclear
  • high-risk patient

✔️ āļŠ่āļ§āļĒ:

  • decision proceed vs delay
  • full stomach precaution

10. ERAS (Enhanced recovery after surgery) concept 

  • āļĨāļ” fasting āļĨāļ” insulin resistance
  • allow:
    • carbohydrate drink āļ่āļ­āļ™āļœ่āļē 2–3 āļŠāļĄ.

🔑 Key takeaways (āļŠāļĢุāļ›āļŠั้āļ™āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļšāđƒāļŠ้āļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļĢิāļ‡)

  • Clear liquid 2 hr
  • Solid 6–8 hr
  • Aspiration risk = volume + acidity + particle
  • GLP-1 = emerging risk (āļ­āļĒ่āļēāļĨืāļĄāļ–āļēāļĄ)
  • Fasting āļ™āļēāļ™āđ€āļิāļ™ harmful
  • High-risk RSI / intubation
  • Ultrasound useful in unclear case

 

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