Preoperative Fasting
1. Purpose (Key concept)
ð āđāļ้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĨัāļ
= āļĨāļ risk āļāļāļ pulmonary aspiration
- aspiration
→ ↑ morbidity + mortality
- risk āļŠูāļāļŠุāļāđāļĄื่āļ:
- volume
āļĄāļēāļ
- pH
āļ่āļģ (<2.5)
- āļĄี particulate
2. Incidence & severity (āļ้āļāļāļĢู้)
- incidence:
~1:3,000–7,000 anesthetics
- mortality:
~1:72,000–100,000
- āđāļ airway-related death:
ð aspiration = cause āļัāļāļัāļ 1 (~50%)
3. Physiology (high-yield)
✔️ Gastric volume
- fasting
āļāļāļิ → ~1.5 mL/kg (āļืāļāļ§่āļē empty stomach)
✔️ Gastric emptying
|
Type |
Emptying |
|
Clear liquid |
āđāļĢ็āļ§āļĄāļēāļ (~90
āļāļēāļีāļŦāļĄāļ) |
|
Solid |
āļ้āļē (≥6
āļāļĄ.) |
|
Fatty food |
āļ้āļēāļĄāļēāļ (≥8
āļāļĄ.) |
4. Standard fasting guideline (āđāļ้āļāļĢิāļ)
✔️ Adult (ASA guideline)
|
Intake |
Fasting time |
|
Clear liquid |
2 āļั่āļ§āđāļĄāļ |
|
Non-clear liquid / milk |
6 āļั่āļ§āđāļĄāļ |
|
Light meal |
6 āļั่āļ§āđāļĄāļ |
|
Fatty meal / meat |
8 āļั่āļ§āđāļĄāļ |
ð āđāļ้āļัāļ:
- GA
- deep
sedation
- MAC
- regional
anesthesia
5. Clear liquid (high-yield detail)
✔️ āļัāļ§āļāļĒ่āļēāļ:
- āļ้āļģ
- juice āđāļĄ่āļĄี pulp
- coffee/tea
(no milk)
✔️ insight:
- āļื่āļĄāđāļ้āļāļ 2 āļāļĄ.āļ่āļāļāļ่āļē
- āļĨāļ:
- thirst
- anxiety
- gastric
volume ≈ fasting overnight
ð ASA 2023:
- āļื่āļĄāđāļ้āļึāļ ~400 mL āļ่āļāļ 2 āļāļĄ.
6. Important nuances (āļāļāļāļāļāļāļŠāļāļ / āđāļ้āļāļĢิāļ)
ðđ Coffee + milk
- controversial
- āļāļēāļ guideline treat = clear liquid (āļ้āļēāļิāļāđāļีāļĒāļ§)
ðđ Chewing gum
- āđāļĄ่āļ้āļāļāđāļĨื่āļāļ case
ð āđāļ่āđāļāļēāļāļāļāļ่āļāļ
ðđ Alcohol
- ❌
āđāļĄ่āļืāļāđāļ็āļ clear liquid
→ delay gastric emptying
7. Excessive fasting (clinical pitfall)
❌ fasting āļāļēāļāđāļิāļ:
- dehydration
→ hypotension
induction
- ↑ insulin resistance
- ↑ catabolism
ð āļัāļāļŦāļēāļี่āđāļāļāļ่āļāļĒ
= fasting āļāļēāļāđāļิāļ guideline
8. Special populations (āļŠāļģāļัāļāļĄāļēāļ)
ðī 8.1 High aspiration
risk (āļ้āļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļ)
- gastroparesis
- bowel
obstruction
- GERD
severe
- achalasia
- GLP-1
agonist use
ð management:
- RSI +
intubation
- consider
gastric ultrasound
ðī 8.2 Diabetes
- gastroparesis
→ fast solid ≥8
āļāļĄ.
- liquid
→ guideline āļāļāļิ
ðī 8.3 GLP-1 agonists (⭐
emerging topic)
- delayed
gastric emptying
- ↑ residual gastric content
(OR ~6)
✔️ Practical approach
- hold
1 dose (āļāļēāļ guideline)
- clear
liquid diet 24 āļāļĄ.
- assess
GI symptoms
ð āļ้āļēāļĄี risk:
- RSI
/ intubation
- āļŦāļĢืāļ ultrasound
ðī 8.4 Obesity
- āđāļ้ guideline āļāļāļิ
ðī 8.5 GERD
- guideline
āļāļāļิ
- consider:
- PPI
/ metoclopramide
- RSI
if symptomatic
ðī 8.6 Post-bariatric
surgery
- ↑ aspiration risk
- consider:
- fasting
longer
- RSI
ðī 8.7 Tube feeding
|
Type |
Recommendation |
|
Gastric tube |
stop 6–8 āļāļĄ. |
|
Post-pyloric |
āļāļēāļāđāļĄ่āļ้āļāļāļŦāļĒุāļ |
|
Intubated (cuffed tube) |
āļāļēāļ continue |
9. Gastric ultrasound (clinical tool)
ð āđāļ้āđāļĄื่āļ:
- fasting
history unclear
- high-risk
patient
✔️ āļ่āļ§āļĒ:
- decision
→ proceed vs delay
- full
stomach precaution
10. ERAS (Enhanced recovery
after surgery) concept
- āļĨāļ fasting →
āļĨāļ insulin resistance
- allow:
- carbohydrate
drink āļ่āļāļāļ่āļē 2–3 āļāļĄ.
ð Key takeaways (āļŠāļĢุāļāļŠั้āļāļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļāđāļ้āļāļēāļāļāļĢิāļ)
- Clear
liquid → 2 hr
- Solid
→ 6–8 hr
- Aspiration
risk = volume + acidity + particle
- GLP-1
= emerging risk (āļāļĒ่āļēāļĨืāļĄāļāļēāļĄ)
- Fasting
āļāļēāļāđāļิāļ → harmful
- High-risk
→ RSI /
intubation
- Ultrasound
→ useful in
unclear case
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ