Multiple Myeloma (MM): Clinical features, Diagnosis, Differential diagnosis
Overview
Multiple Myeloma คือ plasma cell
neoplasm ที่มีการสร้าง monoclonal immunoglobulin (M
protein)
ลักษณะสำคัญ:
- clonal
plasma cell proliferation ใน bone marrow
- osteolytic
bone destruction
- monoclonal
protein production
- end-organ
damage
Epidemiology
- ~1–2%
ของ cancers ทั้งหมด
- ~17% ของ hematologic malignancies
- median
age 65–74 ปี
- ชาย > หญิง (~1.4:1)
- African
ancestry risk สูงกว่า White ~2–3 เท่า
Risk factors:
- อายุ
- obesity
- Agent
Orange (ฝนเหลือง)
- familial
MM
- MGUS
Clinical presentation
จำ CRAB
|
Letter |
Meaning |
|
C |
HyperCalcemia |
|
R |
Renal insufficiency |
|
A |
Anemia |
|
B |
Bone lesions |
Common presenting symptoms
|
Symptom/sign |
Frequency |
|
Anemia |
73% |
|
Bone pain |
58% |
|
Elevated creatinine |
48% |
|
Fatigue/weakness |
32% |
|
Hypercalcemia |
28% |
|
Weight loss |
24% |
Bone disease
Hallmark ของ MM
ลักษณะ:
- osteolytic
lesions
- osteoporosis
- pathologic
fractures
- vertebral
compression fractures
Pain pattern:
- axial
skeleton
- back
- pelvis
- ribs
- shoulders
- movement-related
pain
- severe
pain ~10%
Common sites:
- vertebrae
- skull
- ribs
- pelvis
- proximal
femur/humerus
Renal disease
พบบ่อยมาก
Creatinine elevated ~50%
Major causes:
1.
Light chain cast nephropathy (myeloma kidney)
2.
Hypercalcemia
Other causes:
- AL
amyloidosis
- light
chain deposition disease
- drugs
Important clinical pearl
Dipstick urine protein อาจ negative ได้
เพราะ dipstick detect albumin ไม่ detect
light chain
ดังนั้น:
- ต้องส่ง UPEP + urine immunofixation
Hypercalcemia
เกิดจาก osteolysis
Severity:
- Ca ≥11
mg/dL พบบ่อย
- severe
hypercalcemia = emergency
Symptoms:
- confusion
- dehydration
- AKI
- arrhythmia
Anemia
มักเป็น:
- normocytic
normochromic anemia
Mechanisms:
- marrow
replacement
- low
EPO
- cytokine
effect
- dilutional
effect จาก M protein
Neurologic complications
1. Spinal cord compression
Medical emergency
สงสัยเมื่อ:
- severe
back pain
- weakness
- paresthesia
- bowel/bladder
dysfunction
Workup:
- urgent
MRI whole spine
Treatment:
- steroids
- RT
- surgery
- chemotherapy
2. Hyperviscosity syndrome
พบน้อย
มักสัมพันธ์ IgM MM
Symptoms:
- bleeding
- blurry
vision
- confusion
- neurologic
symptoms
Treatment:
- plasmapheresis
emergently
3. Peripheral neuropathy
ไม่ common ใน classic
MM
ถ้ามีให้คิดถึง:
- AL
amyloidosis
- POEMS
syndrome
Infection risk
เกิดจาก:
- hypogammaglobulinemia
- impaired
lymphocyte function
- immunoparesis
Common infections:
- encapsulated
bacteria
- pneumonia
- sepsis
Monoclonal protein (M protein)
Detection:
- SPEP
- immunofixation
- serum
free light chain (FLC)
- UPEP
MM subtype distribution
|
Type |
Frequency |
|
IgG |
52% |
|
IgA |
21% |
|
Light chain only |
16% |
|
IgD |
2% |
|
Biclonal |
2% |
|
IgM |
0.5% |
|
Nonsecretory |
~3–6% |
Light chain MM
สำคัญมาก clinically
Features:
- total
protein อาจปกติ
- kidney
injury สูง
- SPEP
(protein electrophoresis of the serum) อาจ negative
Diagnosis:
- serum
FLC (free light chain)
- urine
immunofixation
Nonsecretory MM
Criteria:
- serum/urine
immunofixation negative
- normal
FLC ratio
Monitoring:
- imaging
- marrow
evaluation
Peripheral smear
Common findings:
- rouleaux
formation
- anemia
- leukopenia
- thrombocytopenia
Bone marrow findings
Diagnostic requirement:
- clonal
plasma cells ≥10%
Morphology:
- eccentric
nucleus
- basophilic
cytoplasm
- perinuclear
hof
- clock-face
chromatin
Immunophenotype
Typical MM phenotype:
|
Marker |
Expression |
|
CD38 |
positive |
|
CD138 |
positive |
|
CD56 |
positive |
|
CD19 |
negative |
|
CD45 |
usually negative |
Clonality:
- kappa
restricted OR lambda restricted
Imaging in MM
ปัจจุบัน preferred over skeletal
survey:
- Whole-body
low-dose CT
- PET/CT
- MRI
MRI
Sensitive ที่สุดสำหรับ marrow lesion
MRI > CT/PET ใน:
- marrow
infiltration
- early
focal lesions
PET/CT
ดีสำหรับ:
- extramedullary
disease
- metabolically
active lesions
Skeletal survey
ปัจจุบัน sensitivity ต่ำกว่า
CT/MRI/PET
Classic findings:
- punched-out
lytic lesions
- osteopenia
- fractures
Diagnostic criteria (IMWG)
Diagnosis ต้องมี:
A. Clonal plasma cells ≥10%
OR plasmacytoma
PLUS
B. Myeloma-defining event
Myeloma-defining events
CRAB criteria
C — Hypercalcemia
- Ca
>11 mg/dL
R — Renal insufficiency
- Cr
>2 mg/dL
or CrCl <40
A — Anemia
- Hb
<10
or >2 g/dL below normal
B — Bone lesions
- ≥1
osteolytic lesion
SLiM criteria (Sixty," "Light
chain ratio," MRI)
Biomarkers ที่ถือว่าเป็น MM แม้ยังไม่มี CRAB
S
≥60% clonal plasma cells
Li
FLC ratio ≥100
AND involved FLC ≥100 mg/L
M
MRI >1 focal lesion
Evaluation workup
Initial labs:
- CBC
- Creatinine
- Calcium
- SPEP
+ immunofixation
- serum
FLC
- quantitative
Ig
Further:
- UPEP
+ urine IF
- bone
marrow biopsy
- FISH/cytogenetics
- CT/PET/MRI
Staging:
- albumin
- LDH
- beta-2
microglobulin
Differential diagnosis
MGUS
Criteria:
- M
protein <3 g/dL
- marrow
plasma cells <10%
- no
CRAB
Progression:
~1%/year
Smoldering MM (SMM)
Criteria:
- M
protein ≥3 OR marrow plasma cells 10–60%
- no
CRAB/SLiM
Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM)
Features:
- IgM
monoclonal protein
- lymphoplasmacytic
lymphoma
- CD20+
- MYD88
mutation
Unlike MM:
- less
lytic lesions
- more
lymphadenopathy/hepatosplenomegaly
Solitary plasmacytoma
Criteria:
- single
lesion
- normal
marrow
- no
CRAB
- no
other lesions on imaging
AL amyloidosis
Suggestive findings:
- nephrotic
syndrome
- cardiomyopathy
- hepatomegaly
- macroglossia
Usually:
- fewer
marrow plasma cells
- no
lytic lesions
POEMS syndrome
Mnemonic:
- Polyneuropathy
- Organomegaly
- Endocrinopathy
- Monoclonal
protein
- Skin
changes
Features:
- osteosclerotic
lesions
- VEGF
สูง
- neuropathy
เด่น
Clinical pearls
1. MM อาจไม่มี M spike บน SPEP
Especially:
- light
chain MM
- nonsecretory
MM
2. Dipstick protein negative ไม่ exclude
MM kidney
เพราะ dipstick ไม่ detect
light chains
3. MRI sensitive ที่สุดสำหรับ marrow
lesion
Especially:
- smoldering
MM
- spinal
disease
4. Spinal cord compression = oncologic emergency
ต้อง MRI ด่วน
5. SLiM biomarkers ถือว่าเป็น active
MM แล้ว
แม้ไม่มี CRAB
High-yield take-home points
- MM =
plasma cell malignancy with CRAB features
- Bone
pain + anemia + renal failure ต้องคิดถึง MM เสมอ
- SPEP
alone ไม่พอ → ต้องมี FLC + immunofixation
- Light
chain MM มัก renal failure สูง
- MRI/PET/CT
superior กว่า skeletal survey
- Diagnosis
ต้องมี:
- clonal
plasma cells/plasmacytoma
PLUS - CRAB
หรือ SLiM criterion
- Differential
สำคัญ:
- MGUS
- SMM
- WM
- AL
amyloidosis
- metastatic
cancer
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