Chest Pain (Nontraumatic) in pediatric
ðī Red Flags – āļ้āļāļāļĢีāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄิāļāļŦāļĢืāļāļŠ่āļāļ่āļāļัāļāļี (Cardiac/Pulmonary Emergency)
āđāļŦ้āļāļēāļĄ / āļāļĢāļ§āļ / EKG / CXR āļัāļāļี āļŦāļēāļāļĄีāļāļĒ่āļēāļāđāļāļāļĒ่āļēāļāļŦāļึ่āļ:
|
āļāļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļิ |
āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĢ่āļ§āļĄ |
āļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒ |
Lab/ECG |
|
āđāļ็āļāļāļāļ°āļāļāļāļāļģāļĨัāļ |
Syncope, palpitations |
New murmur, gallop |
ST elevation/ depression |
|
Known congenital heart disease |
Dyspnea, orthopnea |
Hypotension, poor perfusion |
Elevated troponin |
|
Family history sudden death
<50 yr |
Fever + respiratory distress |
Tracheal deviation, decreased
breath sounds |
D-dimer+ (āļŠāļāļŠัāļĒ PE) |
|
Substance use (cocaine, cannabis) |
Shock sign |
Hamman sign, subcutaneous
emphysema |
āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļุāļāđāļิāļāļี่āļ้āļāļāđāļĒāļāđāļŦ้āđāļ้
- Hypertrophic
cardiomyopathy
- Myocarditis
/ Pericarditis
- Coronary
anomaly/Kawasaki sequelae
- Aortic
dissection (Marfan, Turner)
- Spontaneous
pneumothorax
- Pulmonary
embolism (rare)
- Acute
chest syndrome (sickle cell)
ðĄ Life-threatening
Cardiac Conditions: Key Clues
|
āđāļĢāļ |
āļĨัāļāļĐāļāļ°āļŠāļģāļัāļ |
āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļี่āļāļ§āļĢāļāļģ |
|
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
āđāļ็āļāļŦāļ้āļēāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļāļ§ิ่āļ,
syncope |
ECG + Echo |
|
Myocarditis |
āđāļ็āļāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļāļ่āļāļāđāļāļĨีāļĒ,
tachycardia disproportionate |
ECG: ST/T change, Troponin ↑, Echo |
|
Pericarditis |
āđāļ็āļāđāļāļ§ pleuritic,
āļีāļึ้āļāđāļĄื่āļāļ้āļĄāļัāļ§ |
ECG: diffuse ST ↑, Echo effusion |
|
Coronary anomaly |
āđāļ็āļāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļāļāļāļģāļĨัāļ |
Stress testing, CTA |
|
Arrhythmia |
palpitations, chest discomfort |
Holter monitor |
ðĒ āļŠāļēāđāļŦāļุāļี่āļāļāļ่āļāļĒ
≈ 94–99% (Benign)
|
āļāļĨุ่āļĄāđāļĢāļ |
āļĢ้āļāļĒāļĨāļ° |
Key features |
Management |
|
Musculoskeletal (costochondritis,
slipping rib, precordial catch) |
30–60% |
Pain reproducible on palpation or
position |
NSAIDs, reassurance |
|
Psychogenic / Anxiety /
Hyperventilation |
10–30% |
Associated with stress, normal PE |
Breathing retraining, counseling |
|
Respiratory (asthma, pneumonia,
pneumomediastinum) |
5–12% |
Wheeze, cough, fever |
Treat underlying |
|
Gastroesophageal reflux /
esophagitis |
5–8% |
Burning pain after meals |
PPI trial |
|
Idiopathic |
20–50% |
No cause found, benign course |
Reassurance |
ð§ Diagnostic Strategy
(Clinical Decision Pathway)
1️. History
- Character:
sharp vs pressure
- Timing:
exertional? at rest? brief vs continuous
- Associated
symptoms: dyspnea, syncope, palpitations, fever, cough
- Psychosocial
stressors
- Family
history sudden cardiac death
2️. Focused Physical Exam
- Vital
+ perfusion status
- Cardiac:
murmur, friction rub
- Respiratory:
breath sounds, hyperresonance
- Palpation
of costochondral junction
3️. Investigations (āđāļāļāļēāļ°āđāļ
high risk āđāļ่āļēāļั้āļ)
|
Indication |
Test |
|
Exertional pain / concerning
history |
ECG ± troponin ± CXR |
|
abnormal cardiac exam |
Echocardiogram |
|
pleuritic pain + dyspnea |
CXR, consider ultrasound |
|
suspect PE |
D-dimer, CT-PA (rare in children) |
|
GERD symptoms |
PPI trial, no labs initially |
ðđ āđāļāđāļ็āļāļāļāļิāļี่āđāļĄ่āļĄี
red flag → āđāļĄ่āļ้āļāļāļāļģ ECG, X-ray, lab
ðŊ Key Diagnosis at a
Glance (Mnemonic: “CAMP-RG”)
āđāļ้āļāļģāļŠāļēāđāļŦāļุ pedi chest pain āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļัāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļĢุāļāđāļĢāļ
Cardiac
Asthma / Air (pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum)
Musculoskeletal
Psychogenic
Reflux (GI)
Growth (breast, puberty pain)
ð§ Evaluation Algorithm
(Simplified)
Pediatric Chest Pain →
1. ABCs stable?
└─ No → PALS protocol, emergent care
2. Red flags present?
└─ Yes → ECG + CXR + urgent consult
3. No red flags →
Focused Hx/PE
├─ Pain
reproducible on palpation →
Musculoskeletal
├─
Heartburn/regurgitation →
GERD
├─
Cough/wheeze →
Asthma/pneumonia
├─
Stress response →
Psychogenic
└─
Normal exam → Idiopathic → reassure + follow-up
✅ Disposition
|
Scenario |
Action |
|
Unstable / red flags |
Admit ICU / consult cardiology |
|
Moderate suspicion |
ECG normal → OPD cardiology follow-up 1–2
wk |
|
Benign/idiopathic |
Reassurance, discharge, FU in 4–6
wk |
ðĄ Clinical Pearls
- Duration:
pain āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļ§ัāļ/āđāļĢื้āļāļĢัāļ → āļĄัāļāđāļĄ่āđāļ่ cardiac
- Localized
pain with finger pointing →
chest wall origin
- Pain
with breathing →
pleuritic / pneumothorax / pneumonia
- Chest
pain + syncope during exercise = assume HCM until proven otherwise
- Idiopathic
chest pain āļāļāđāļ้āļึāļ 45% → āđāļĄ่āđāļ่ diagnosis of
exclusion āļ§่āļēāļัāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒ āđāļ่āđāļ็āļ common diagnosis āļี่āļāļĨāļāļāļ ัāļĒ
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ