Distal Phalanx Fracture
ðđ EPIDEMIOLOGY
- āļāļāļĄāļēāļāļี่āļŠุāļāđāļāļāļĢāļĢāļāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļูāļāļิ้āļ§āļĄืāļāļั้āļāļŦāļĄāļ (~50%)
- āļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่āđāļิāļāļāļēāļ crush injury āļŦāļĢืāļ direct
blow
- āļิ้āļ§āļāļĨāļēāļāļāļāļ่āļāļĒāļี่āļŠุāļ āļĢāļāļāļĨāļāļĄāļēāļืāļāļิ้āļ§āļŦัāļ§āđāļĄ่āļĄืāļ
- āđāļāđāļ็āļ: āļāļāļĄāļēāļāļี่ tuft (āļāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļูāļ)
āđāļĨāļ°āđāļิāļāļāļēāļāļุāļัāļิāđāļŦāļุāđāļāļ้āļēāļāļŦāļĢืāļāļีāļŽāļē
- Seymour
fracture āđāļ็āļ distal phalanx fracture āđāļāļāđāļāļāļēāļ°āđāļāđāļ็āļ āļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļ nail bed injury āđāļĨāļ° physis
involvement → āļ้āļāļāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđāļĢ่āļāļ่āļ§āļ
ðđ RELEVANT ANATOMY
- Flexor
digitorum profundus (FDP) āđāļāļēāļ°āļี่ volar base → āļāļģāđāļŦ้ DIP
flex
- Extensor
terminal slip āđāļāļēāļ° dorsal epiphysis → āļāļģāđāļŦ้ DIP
extend
- Distal
phalanx tuft āļĄี fibrous septa āļĒึāļāļิāļāļัāļāļิāļ§āļŦāļัāļ
āļ่āļ§āļĒāļāļĒุāļ fragment →
āļāļģāđāļŦ้ fracture āļี่āļāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļูāļāļĄัāļ stable
- Physis
āļāļĒู่ proximally →
āļุāļāļ่āļāļāđāļāđāļ็āļ
ðđ MECHANISM OF INJURY
- Crush
injury → Tuft
fracture
- Hyperextension
→ Extensor avulsion
(mallet fracture)
- Axial
load → Fracture at
base, āđāļŠี่āļĒāļ displacement
- Rotation/shear
→ Pediatric physeal
injury (Seymour)
ðđ CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- āļāļ§āļ āļāļ§āļĄ āļāļĨāļēāļĒāļิ้āļ§ āļāļēāļāļĄี subungual hematoma āļŦāļĢืāļ
nail plate deformity
- āļ้āļāļāļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđāļāļĢāļāļ้āļāļ:
- Open
fracture
- Nailbed
injury
- Tendon
injury (check active flexion/extension)
- Rotation
/ malalignment
- Neurovascular
compromise (āļāļĢāļ§āļ two-point discrimination, capillary
refill)
Pediatric Seymour Fracture Signs:
- Nail
plate āļูāļāļĒāļāļึ้āļāđāļŦāļืāļ eponychial fold (pic)
- DIP āļāļĒู่āđāļ flexed position āļāļĨ้āļēāļĒ mallet
finger
- āđāļ็āļ Salter Harris I āļŦāļĢืāļ II +
nail bed injury → āļ้āļāļāļ่āļēāļัāļ irrigate & fix wire + antibiotics
ðđ IMAGING
- 3
Views Standard: PA, lateral, oblique
- āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ āļāļāļāļ fracture:
- Tuft
(comminuted)
- Longitudinal
(stable)
- Transverse
(unstable)
- Avulsion
(mallet or FDP)
- Intra-articular
base fracture
- Physeal
widening →
Seymour
ðđ INDICATIONS FOR URGENT
SURGICAL REFERRAL
⚠ āļŠ่āļāļ่āļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 24–72
āļั่āļ§āđāļĄāļ āļŦāļēāļāļāļ:
- Open
fracture / crush injury
- Displaced
transverse fracture
- Intra-articular
fracture
- Tendon
dysfunction (āđāļĄ่ flex/extend DIP āđāļ้)
- Rotational
deformity
- Nail
bed injury requiring repair
- Pediatric
Seymour fracture
- Neurovascular
deficit
ðđ INITIAL ED MANAGEMENT
✅ Conservative (stable,
nondisplaced)
- Splint
DIP in full extension 2–4 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์
- āđāļ้ U-shaped splint āļŦāļĢืāļ AlumaFoam āļ้āļāļāļัāļāļāļĨāļēāļĒāļิ้āļ§
- Ice +
elevation 24–48 āļāļĄ.āđāļĢāļ
✅ Avoid:
- Attempting
to reduce comminuted tuft fractures
- Immobilizing
PIP āļāļēāļāđāļิāļ 4 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์ → stiffness
✅ Nail bed injury:
- āļ้āļāļ repair āļŦāļēāļāļĄี laceration
- Subungual
hematoma >50% →
consider nail trephination or removal and repair
✅ Antibiotics:
- Adult:
āđāļŦ้ āđāļāļāļēāļ° open fracture contaminated āļŦāļĢืāļ high-risk (DM, immunocompromised)
- Pediatric
Seymour fracture: āļ้āļāļāđāļŦ้ prophylactic antibiotic
(āđāļ่āļ first-gen cephalosporin 7 āļ§ัāļ)
ðđ FOLLOW-UP
- āļัāļ 1 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์āđāļĢāļ āļāļĢāļ°āđāļĄิāļ alignment,
pain, soft tissue
- Repeat
X-ray for displaced transverse fractures at 1–2 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์
- āđāļĢิ่āļĄ active ROM āļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 1–3 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์ āļŦāļēāļ fracture stable āđāļื่āļāļ้āļāļāļัāļ stiffness
ðđ RETURN TO WORK/SPORT
- Transverse
unstable fracture: āļ้āļāļ radiographic healing + no
tenderness
- Tuft/longitudinal
fracture: āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨัāļāđāļāđāļ้āļāļēāļāļāļĢ้āļāļĄ splint āļ้āļē pain tolerated
ðđ COMPLICATIONS
|
Complication |
Risk Factors |
|
Joint stiffness |
Immobilization prolonged |
|
Nail deformity |
Nail bed injury, delayed repair |
|
Chronic pain, hypersensitivity |
Crush injury |
|
Malunion / Nonunion (rare) |
Mainly tuft fractures |
|
Growth arrest |
Seymour fracture in children |
|
Functional impairment |
Severe crush injury (≤30%
recover fully at 6 months) |
ðđ KEY DIFFERENTIAL
DIAGNOSES
- Mallet
finger (extensor avulsion)
- Jersey
finger (FDP avulsion)
- Subungual
hematoma without fracture
- Nail
bed laceration
ðđ PEARLS FOR ED
PHYSICIANS
✅ Always check tendon function
in every distal phalanx fracture
✅
Suspect Seymour fracture in children with nail abnormalities
✅
Stable tuft fractures rarely need surgery
✅
Nail bed repair āļŠāļģāļัāļāļāļ§่āļē fixation āđāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļี
✅
Avoid overtight splints →
prevent ischemia
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ