āļ§ัāļ™āļ­āļēāļ—ิāļ•āļĒ์āļ—ี่ 19 āļ•ุāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2568

Distal Phalanx Fracture

Distal Phalanx Fracture


ðŸ”đ EPIDEMIOLOGY

  • āļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”āđƒāļ™āļšāļĢāļĢāļ”āļēāļāļĢāļ°āļ”ูāļāļ™ิ้āļ§āļĄืāļ­āļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ” (~50%)
  • āļŠ่āļ§āļ™āđƒāļŦāļ่āđ€āļิāļ”āļˆāļēāļ crush injury āļŦāļĢืāļ­ direct blow
  • āļ™ิ้āļ§āļāļĨāļēāļ‡āļžāļšāļš่āļ­āļĒāļ—ี่āļŠุāļ” āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĨāļ‡āļĄāļēāļ„ืāļ­āļ™ิ้āļ§āļŦัāļ§āđāļĄ่āļĄืāļ­
  • āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”็āļ: āļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāļ—ี่ tuft (āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļ”ูāļ) āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļิāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ­ุāļšัāļ•ิāđ€āļŦāļ•ุāđƒāļ™āļš้āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļีāļŽāļē
  • Seymour fracture āđ€āļ›็āļ™ distal phalanx fracture āđāļšāļšāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”็āļ āļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļš nail bed injury āđāļĨāļ° physis involvement āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđ€āļĢ่āļ‡āļ”่āļ§āļ™

ðŸ”đ RELEVANT ANATOMY

  • Flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) āđ€āļāļēāļ°āļ—ี่ volar base āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้ DIP flex
  • Extensor terminal slip āđ€āļāļēāļ° dorsal epiphysis āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้ DIP extend
  • Distal phalanx tuft āļĄี fibrous septa āļĒึāļ”āļ•ิāļ”āļัāļšāļœิāļ§āļŦāļ™ัāļ‡ āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāļžāļĒุāļ‡ fragment āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้ fracture āļ—ี่āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ°āļ”ูāļāļĄัāļ stable
  • Physis āļ­āļĒู่ proximally āļˆุāļ”āļ­่āļ­āļ™āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ”็āļ

ðŸ”đ MECHANISM OF INJURY

  • Crush injury Tuft fracture
  • Hyperextension Extensor avulsion (mallet fracture)
  • Axial load Fracture at base, āđ€āļŠี่āļĒāļ‡ displacement
  • Rotation/shear Pediatric physeal injury (Seymour)

ðŸ”đ CLINICAL PRESENTATION

  • āļ›āļ§āļ” āļšāļ§āļĄ āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ™ิ้āļ§ āļ­āļēāļˆāļĄี subungual hematoma āļŦāļĢืāļ­ nail plate deformity
  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļ‡āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđāļ—āļĢāļāļ‹้āļ­āļ™:
    • Open fracture
    • Nailbed injury
    • Tendon injury (check active flexion/extension)
    • Rotation / malalignment
    • Neurovascular compromise (āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ two-point discrimination, capillary refill)

Pediatric Seymour Fracture Signs:

  • Nail plate āļ–ูāļāļĒāļāļ‚ึ้āļ™āđ€āļŦāļ™ืāļ­ eponychial fold (pic)
  • DIP āļ­āļĒู่āđƒāļ™ flexed position āļ„āļĨ้āļēāļĒ mallet finger
  • āđ€āļ›็āļ™ Salter Harris I āļŦāļĢืāļ­ II + nail bed injury āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļœ่āļēāļ•ัāļ” irrigate & fix wire + antibiotics

ðŸ”đ IMAGING

  • 3 Views Standard: PA, lateral, oblique
  • āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ fracture:
    • Tuft (comminuted)
    • Longitudinal (stable)
    • Transverse (unstable)
    • Avulsion (mallet or FDP)
    • Intra-articular base fracture
    • Physeal widening Seymour

ðŸ”đ INDICATIONS FOR URGENT SURGICAL REFERRAL

āļŠ่āļ‡āļ•่āļ­āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 24–72 āļŠั่āļ§āđ‚āļĄāļ‡ āļŦāļēāļāļžāļš:

  • Open fracture / crush injury
  • Displaced transverse fracture
  • Intra-articular fracture
  • Tendon dysfunction (āđ„āļĄ่ flex/extend DIP āđ„āļ”้)
  • Rotational deformity
  • Nail bed injury requiring repair
  • Pediatric Seymour fracture
  • Neurovascular deficit

ðŸ”đ INITIAL ED MANAGEMENT

Conservative (stable, nondisplaced)

  • Splint DIP in full extension 2–4 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์
  • āđƒāļŠ้ U-shaped splint āļŦāļĢืāļ­ AlumaFoam āļ›้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļ™āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ™ิ้āļ§
  • Ice + elevation 24–48 āļŠāļĄ.āđāļĢāļ

Avoid:

  • Attempting to reduce comminuted tuft fractures
  • Immobilizing PIP āļ™āļēāļ™āđ€āļิāļ™ 4 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์ stiffness

Nail bed injury:

  • āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ repair āļŦāļēāļāļĄี laceration
  • Subungual hematoma >50% consider nail trephination or removal and repair

Antibiotics:

  • Adult: āđƒāļŦ้ āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ° open fracture contaminated āļŦāļĢืāļ­ high-risk (DM, immunocompromised)
  • Pediatric Seymour fracture: āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āđƒāļŦ้ prophylactic antibiotic (āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ first-gen cephalosporin 7 āļ§ัāļ™)

ðŸ”đ FOLLOW-UP

  • āļ™ัāļ” 1 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์āđāļĢāļ āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄิāļ™ alignment, pain, soft tissue
  • Repeat X-ray for displaced transverse fractures at 1–2 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์
  • āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄ active ROM āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 1–3 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์ āļŦāļēāļ fracture stable āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļ›้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļ™ stiffness

ðŸ”đ RETURN TO WORK/SPORT

  • Transverse unstable fracture: āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ radiographic healing + no tenderness
  • Tuft/longitudinal fracture: āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļāļĨัāļšāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠ้āļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļĢ้āļ­āļĄ splint āļ–้āļē pain tolerated

ðŸ”đ COMPLICATIONS

Complication

Risk Factors

Joint stiffness

Immobilization prolonged

Nail deformity

Nail bed injury, delayed repair

Chronic pain, hypersensitivity

Crush injury

Malunion / Nonunion (rare)

Mainly tuft fractures

Growth arrest

Seymour fracture in children

Functional impairment

Severe crush injury (30% recover fully at 6 months)


ðŸ”đ KEY DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES

  • Mallet finger (extensor avulsion)
  • Jersey finger (FDP avulsion)
  • Subungual hematoma without fracture
  • Nail bed laceration

ðŸ”đ PEARLS FOR ED PHYSICIANS

Always check tendon function in every distal phalanx fracture
Suspect Seymour fracture in children with nail abnormalities
Stable tuft fractures rarely need surgery
Nail bed repair āļŠāļģāļ„ัāļāļāļ§่āļē fixation āđƒāļ™āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļĢāļ“ี
Avoid overtight splints prevent ischemia


āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™:

āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™