Mallet Finger (Extensor Tendon Injury at DIP Joint)
ð Definition &
Pathophysiology
- Mallet
finger āļืāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļี่āđāļĄ่āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļŦāļĒีāļĒāļāļāļĨāļēāļĒāļิ้āļ§ (DIP
joint) āđāļ้āđāļื่āļāļāļāļēāļ extensor tendon terminal slip āļāļēāļāļŦāļĢืāļāļูāļāļีāļ āļŦāļĢืāļāļĄี avulsion
fracture āļี่āļāļēāļāļāļāļ distal phalanx
- āļŦāļēāļāđāļĄ่āđāļ้āļĢัāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē → āđāļิāļ extensor lag āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļģāđāļāļŠู่ swan-neck
deformity
ð§ Mechanism of Injury
|
āļāļĨāđāļ |
āļĨัāļāļĐāļāļ° |
āļāļĨุ่āļĄāļี่āļāļāļ่āļāļĒ |
|
High-velocity (ball sports) |
Ball hitting fingertip → forceful DIP flexion |
Young adults |
|
Low-velocity |
āđāļ่āļ
āđāļāļĨี่āļĒāļāļ้āļēāļูāđāļีāļĒāļ |
Elderly (tendinous mallet) |
|
Laceration / crush injury |
Direct trauma to dorsum |
Complex mallet |
Injury type
- Tendinous
(soft tissue only)
- Bony
(involve distal phalanx avulsion fracture)
ð§Ž Clinical Presentation
- Pain
& swelling at distal dorsal DIP
- Inability
to actively extend DIP
- DIP
rests in flexion position
- Passive
extension preserved (āļĒāļāđāļ§้āļāļĄี subluxation āļŦāļĢืāļ entrapment →
surgical indication)
Severity estimation
|
Extensor lag |
Implication |
|
>30° |
Full tear |
|
5–20° |
Partial tear |
ðž Diagnostic Imaging
- Plain
X-ray: AP, Lateral, Oblique
- Identify
avulsion fracture, % articular surface involvement
- Look
for: volar subluxation →
unstable → surgery
- Ultrasound:
useful in soft tissue injury, tendon retraction
ð Classification (Doyle)
|
Type |
Description |
|
Type 1 |
Closed tendon injury with or
without small fracture |
|
Type 2 |
Laceration at or proximal to DIP |
|
Type 3 |
Deep abrasion with tendon loss |
|
Type 4 |
Bony mallet (4A, 4B, 4C according
to articular involvement & subluxation) |
ðĻ Indications for
Surgical Referral
āļ้āļāļāļŠ่āļāļĻัāļĨāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĄืāļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 7–10 āļ§ัāļ āđāļāļāļĢāļีāļัāļāļ่āļāđāļāļี้:
- Passive
extension āđāļĄ่āđāļ้āđāļ็āļĄ → entrapment
- Complete
tendon laceration
- Volar
subluxation of distal phalanx
- Fracture
>30% articular surface
- Chronic
deformity refractory to splinting
- Swan-neck
deformity present
ð Management Overview
ðđ Conservative
(First-line for most acute uncomplicated injuries)
|
Injury Type |
Splint Position |
Duration |
|
Tendinous mallet |
DIP in full extension or slight
hyperextension (5–15°) |
6–8 weeks continuously +
2–4 weeks night splint |
|
Bony mallet |
DIP in neutral extension (avoid
hyperextension) |
4–6 weeks, then assess
healing |
Key point: DIP must not flex at any time, even
once during treatment. If flexion occurs →
restart treatment period.
ðđ Splint Types
- Stack
splint
- Custom
thermoplastic splint ✅ (better compliance)
- Aluminum
dorsal or volar splint
- Kleinert
modified dorsal splint (āļĨāļ skin pressure)
āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļēāļĢāļืāļāđāļĨืāļāļ “splint āļี่āļāļāđāļ้āđāļŠ่āđāļ้āļāļēāļāļี่āļŠุāļāđāļāļĒāđāļĄ่āļŦāļĨุāļ
āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļŦ้āđāļิāļ skin breakdown”
ðđ Follow-Up
- Review
q1–2 weeks → āļāļĢāļ§āļ compliance & skin complication
- If
extension lag persists after first course →
repeat splinting 6 weeks
- Chronic
injury (>4 weeks) →
still try splinting for 8–12 weeks before surgery
ð§ū Evidence Summary
- No
clear superiority of surgery vs conservative in most cases
- Studies
show equivalent outcomes in extensor lag and function
- Surgery
reserved for unstable fracture or failed conservative treatment
ð Return to Activity
- āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļĨัāļāđāļāđāļĨ่āļāļีāļŽāļēāđāļ้āļŦāļēāļāđāļŠ่ splint āļāļ§āļāļุāļĄ DIP
- Athlete:
āļāļēāļ splint āļ่āļāļีāļ 6–8 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์āđāļื่āļāļ้āļāļāļัāļ reinjury
- āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļ contact sports āđāļ 6–8 āļŠัāļāļāļēāļŦ์āđāļĢāļ (āļāļēāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļัāļāļŠิāļāđāļāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļāļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ)
⚠️ Complications
|
Complication |
Cause |
Prevention |
|
Extensor lag |
Late treatment, noncompliance |
Strict immobilization |
|
Swan-neck deformity |
Chronic mallet |
Include PIP flexion in splint |
|
Skin maceration/ulcer |
Excessive hyperextension/poor
fitting splint |
Proper fitting, alternating
surface |
Crawford Criteria for outcome
- Excellent
= full ROM
- Good
= <10° lag
- Fair/Poor
= >10° lag or pain
ð Key Takeaways for
Physicians
- ✅
Mallet finger = extensor tendon injury at DIP → splint ASAP
- ✅
Continuous immobilization is critical
- ✅
Imaging mandatory to rule out bony injury & subluxation
- ✅
Refer early if unstable fracture or inability to passively extend
- ✅
Most cases recover well with splinting alone
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ