āļ§ัāļ™āļ­āļēāļ—ิāļ•āļĒ์āļ—ี่ 19 āļ•ุāļĨāļēāļ„āļĄ āļž.āļĻ. 2568

Mallet Finger (Extensor Tendon Injury at DIP Joint)

Mallet Finger (Extensor Tendon Injury at DIP Joint)


🔍 Definition & Pathophysiology

  • Mallet finger āļ„ืāļ­āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļ—ี่āđ„āļĄ่āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļŦāļĒีāļĒāļ”āļ›āļĨāļēāļĒāļ™ิ้āļ§ (DIP joint) āđ„āļ”้āđ€āļ™ื่āļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļ extensor tendon terminal slip āļ‚āļēāļ”āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļ–ูāļāļ‰ีāļ āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļĄี avulsion fracture āļ—ี่āļāļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ distal phalanx
  • āļŦāļēāļāđ„āļĄ่āđ„āļ”้āļĢัāļšāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē āđ€āļิāļ” extensor lag āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠู่ swan-neck deformity

🧠 Mechanism of Injury

āļāļĨāđ„āļ

āļĨัāļāļĐāļ“āļ°

āļāļĨุ่āļĄāļ—ี่āļžāļšāļš่āļ­āļĒ

High-velocity (ball sports)

Ball hitting fingertip forceful DIP flexion

Young adults

Low-velocity

āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ āđ€āļ›āļĨี่āļĒāļ™āļœ้āļēāļ›ูāđ€āļ•ีāļĒāļ‡

Elderly (tendinous mallet)

Laceration / crush injury

Direct trauma to dorsum

Complex mallet

Injury type

  • Tendinous (soft tissue only)
  • Bony (involve distal phalanx avulsion fracture)

🧎 Clinical Presentation

  • Pain & swelling at distal dorsal DIP
  • Inability to actively extend DIP
  • DIP rests in flexion position
  • Passive extension preserved (āļĒāļāđ€āļ§้āļ™āļĄี subluxation āļŦāļĢืāļ­ entrapment surgical indication)

Severity estimation

Extensor lag

Implication

>30°

Full tear

5–20°

Partial tear


🖞 Diagnostic Imaging

  • Plain X-ray: AP, Lateral, Oblique
    • Identify avulsion fracture, % articular surface involvement
    • Look for: volar subluxation unstable surgery
  • Ultrasound: useful in soft tissue injury, tendon retraction

📌 Classification (Doyle)

Type

Description

Type 1

Closed tendon injury with or without small fracture

Type 2

Laceration at or proximal to DIP

Type 3

Deep abrasion with tendon loss

Type 4

Bony mallet (4A, 4B, 4C according to articular involvement & subluxation)


ðŸšĻ Indications for Surgical Referral

āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļŠ่āļ‡āļĻัāļĨāļĒāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĄืāļ­āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 7–10 āļ§ัāļ™ āđƒāļ™āļāļĢāļ“ีāļ”ัāļ‡āļ•่āļ­āđ„āļ›āļ™ี้:

  • Passive extension āđ„āļĄ่āđ„āļ”้āđ€āļ•็āļĄ entrapment
  • Complete tendon laceration
  • Volar subluxation of distal phalanx
  • Fracture >30% articular surface
  • Chronic deformity refractory to splinting
  • Swan-neck deformity present

🛠 Management Overview

ðŸ”đ Conservative (First-line for most acute uncomplicated injuries)

Injury Type

Splint Position

Duration

Tendinous mallet

DIP in full extension or slight hyperextension (5–15°)

6–8 weeks continuously + 2–4 weeks night splint

Bony mallet

DIP in neutral extension (avoid hyperextension)

4–6 weeks, then assess healing

Key point: DIP must not flex at any time, even once during treatment. If flexion occurs restart treatment period.


ðŸ”đ Splint Types

  • Stack splint
  • Custom thermoplastic splint (better compliance)
  • Aluminum dorsal or volar splint
  • Kleinert modified dorsal splint (āļĨāļ” skin pressure)

āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļēāļĢāļ„ืāļ­āđ€āļĨืāļ­āļ “splint āļ—ี่āļ„āļ™āđ„āļ‚้āđƒāļŠ่āđ„āļ”้āļ™āļēāļ™āļ—ี่āļŠุāļ”āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļĄ่āļŦāļĨุāļ” āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļĄ่āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āđ€āļิāļ” skin breakdown”


ðŸ”đ Follow-Up

  • Review q1–2 weeks āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆ compliance & skin complication
  • If extension lag persists after first course repeat splinting 6 weeks
  • Chronic injury (>4 weeks) still try splinting for 8–12 weeks before surgery

ðŸ§ū Evidence Summary

  • No clear superiority of surgery vs conservative in most cases
  • Studies show equivalent outcomes in extensor lag and function
  • Surgery reserved for unstable fracture or failed conservative treatment

🏃 Return to Activity

  • āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļāļĨัāļšāđ„āļ›āđ€āļĨ่āļ™āļีāļŽāļēāđ„āļ”้āļŦāļēāļāđƒāļŠ่ splint āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„ุāļĄ DIP
  • Athlete: āļ­āļēāļˆ splint āļ•่āļ­āļ­ีāļ 6–8 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļ›้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļ™ reinjury
  • āļŦāļĨีāļāđ€āļĨี่āļĒāļ‡ contact sports āđƒāļ™ 6–8 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์āđāļĢāļ (āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ•ัāļ”āļŠิāļ™āđƒāļˆāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļšāļœู้āļ›่āļ§āļĒ)

⚠️ Complications

Complication

Cause

Prevention

Extensor lag

Late treatment, noncompliance

Strict immobilization

Swan-neck deformity

Chronic mallet

Include PIP flexion in splint

Skin maceration/ulcer

Excessive hyperextension/poor fitting splint

Proper fitting, alternating surface

Crawford Criteria for outcome

  • Excellent = full ROM
  • Good = <10° lag
  • Fair/Poor = >10° lag or pain

📚 Key Takeaways for Physicians

  • Mallet finger = extensor tendon injury at DIP splint ASAP
  • Continuous immobilization is critical
  • Imaging mandatory to rule out bony injury & subluxation
  • Refer early if unstable fracture or inability to passively extend
  • Most cases recover well with splinting alone

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