āļ§ัāļ™āļĻุāļāļĢ์āļ—ี่ 7 āļžāļĪāļĻāļˆิāļāļēāļĒāļ™ āļž.āļĻ. 2568

Benzodiazepine Withdrawal

Benzodiazepine Withdrawal


📌 1. Introduction & Epidemiology

  • āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠ้ benzodiazepine āđāļšāļšāđ€āļĢื้āļ­āļĢัāļ‡ (āļ—ั้āļ‡āļ•āļēāļĄāđāļžāļ—āļĒ์āļŠั่āļ‡ āđƒāļŠ้āļœิāļ”āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒ āļŦāļĢืāļ­ designer drugs) āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āđ€āļิāļ” physiologic dependence āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļิāļ” withdrawal syndrome āļŦāļēāļāļŦāļĒุāļ”āļĒāļēāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļĢāļ§āļ”āđ€āļĢ็āļ§
  • āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ•ัāļ§āđ€āļĨāļ‚ incidence āļŠัāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ āđāļ•่āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨ้āļ­āļ‡āļัāļšāļ­ัāļ•āļĢāļēāđƒāļŠ้ benzodiazepine āļ—ี่āđ€āļžิ่āļĄāļ‚ึ้āļ™āđ€āļĢื่āļ­āļĒ āđ†
  • āļœู้āļ›่āļ§āļĒāļ—ี่āđƒāļŠ้āļĒāļēāļāļĨุ่āļĄāļ™ี้ >2 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์āļ็āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđ€āļิāļ” withdrawal āđ„āļ”้āđāļĨ้āļ§

📌 2. Pathophysiology & Risk Factors

  • āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠ้āđ€āļĢื้āļ­āļĢัāļ‡ downregulation āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ GABA-A receptors
  • āļŦāļĒุāļ”āļĒāļē āļĨāļ” inhibitory tone āļ āļēāļ§āļ° hyperexcitability
  • āļ›ัāļˆāļˆัāļĒāđ€āļŠี่āļĒāļ‡ withdrawal āļ—ี่āļĢุāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡:
    • āđƒāļŠ้ short-acting āļŦāļĢืāļ­ high-potency (āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ alprazolam, triazolam)
    • Designer BZD āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ clonazolam, flubromazolam
    • āđƒāļŠ้āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļŠูāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§
    • āđƒāļŠ้āļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļšāļŠāļēāļĢāļ­ื่āļ™ āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļŦāļĒุāļ”āļŠāļēāļĢāļ­ื่āļ™āļžāļĢ้āļ­āļĄāļัāļ™ (āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ opioid, alcohol)
    • āļŦāļĒุāļ”āļĒāļēāļ­āļĒ่āļēāļ‡āļ‰ัāļšāļžāļĨัāļ™ (abrupt cessation)

📌 3. Clinical Manifestations

āļĨัāļāļĐāļ“āļ°

āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­ีāļĒāļ”

Onset

āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 2–3 āļ§ัāļ™ (āļŦāļĢืāļ­āđ€āļĢ็āļ§āļŠุāļ” 6 āļŠāļĄ. āđƒāļ™ short-acting)

Duration

10–14 āļ§ัāļ™ āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļĒāļēāļ§āļāļ§่āļēāļ™ั้āļ™

Common symptoms

Anxiety, irritability, tremor, insomnia, diaphoresis, nausea/vomiting, tachycardia, hypertension, hallucination

Severe / Life-threatening

Seizures, delirium, psychosis, hyperthermia, autonomic instability

📌 Seizure: generalized tonic-clonic, āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄāļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 24 āļŠāļĄ. āļ–ึāļ‡ 7 āļ§ัāļ™āļŦāļĨัāļ‡āļŦāļĒุāļ”āļĒāļē


📌 4. Evaluation

  • Key history: āļŠāļ™ิāļ”āļĒāļē, āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”, āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē, āļ§ัāļ™āļŠุāļ”āļ—้āļēāļĒāļ—ี่āđƒāļŠ้, designer drug, substance use concurrent
  • PE: vital signs, mental status, tremor, diaphoresis, tongue bite, seizure signs
  • Labs: No specific confirmatory test
    • āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāđ€āļžื่āļ­ exclude causes āđāļĨāļ°āļ”ูāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āđāļ—āļĢāļāļ‹้āļ­āļ™: CBC, electrolytes, renal/liver function, CK, coags
    • Urine BZD screen āđ„āļĄ่āđ„āļ§/āđ„āļĄ่āļˆāļģāđ€āļžāļēāļ°

📌 5. Diagnosis

  • Clinical diagnosis: āļœู้āļ›่āļ§āļĒāļĄี prolonged BZD use + recent dose reduction/stop + compatible symptoms
  • āļŦāļēāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļ•ิāđ„āļĄ่āđāļ™่āļŠัāļ” āļ•้āļ­āļ‡ āļĒāļāđ€āļ§้āļ™āļŠāļēāđ€āļŦāļ•ุāļ­ื่āļ™āļ—ี่āļ­ัāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ่āļ­āļ™ (āđ€āļŠ่āļ™ infection, metabolic, alcohol withdrawal, sepsis, meningitis)

📌 6. Initial Management

Supportive

  • ABCs, O2, IV access, monitor vitals & neuro status
  • IV fluids, electrolyte correction
  • Seizure precautions
  • āđƒāļŠ้ CIWA-Ar (alcohol) āļŦāļĢืāļ­ CIWA-B āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄิāļ™ severity

Pharmacologic

āļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļ°

āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡

Mild–Moderate

Diazepam 10–20 mg PO āļŦāļĢืāļ­ Lorazepam 1–4 mg

Severe (agitation, seizures, vitals unstable)

Diazepam 20 mg IV āļŦāļĢืāļ­ Lorazepam 2–4 mg IV, repeat q5–10 min āļ–้āļēāđ„āļĄ่āļ”ีāļ‚ึ้āļ™

Refractory

āļžิāļˆāļēāļĢāļ“āļēāđƒāļŠ้ Phenobarbital 130–260 mg IV (avoid combinationāļัāļš BZD āđ€āļžāļĢāļēāļ°āđ€āļŠี่āļĒāļ‡ respiratory depression)

Status epilepticus

Lorazepam 0.1 mg/kg IV āļŦāļĢืāļ­ Midazolam 10 mg IM


📌 7. Admission Criteria

  • Severe withdrawal (delirium, seizures, psychosis)
  • Complications: AKI, rhabdomyolysis, hepatic/respiratory failure
  • Failed outpatient taper
  • Comorbid psychiatric or medical instability

📌 8. Tapering Strategy

āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡

āļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­ีāļĒāļ”

BZD taper

āđ€āļĢิ่āļĄāļˆāļēāļ total daily dose āļĨ่āļēāļŠุāļ” āļĨāļ” 10–25% āļ—ุāļ 1–2 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์

Rapid taper (inpatient)

āļĨāļ” 25–50% āļ—ุāļ 2–3 āļ§ัāļ™

Phenobarbital taper

130–260 mg/day āļĨāļ” 10–20%/day

Outpatient taper

āļ•้āļ­āļ‡āļĄี follow-up āļ āļēāļĒāđƒāļ™ 1 āļŠัāļ›āļ”āļēāļŦ์ + āļˆ่āļēāļĒāļĒāļēāđāļ„่āļžāļ­āļ–ึāļ‡āļ§ัāļ™āļ™ัāļ”


📌 9. Differential Diagnosis

  • Alcohol withdrawal
  • Opioid/GHB/baclofen withdrawal
  • Thyrotoxicosis
  • Serotonin syndrome / NMS
  • Infection (sepsis, meningitis)
  • Metabolic (hypoglycemia, hyponatremia)
  • Psychiatric disorders

Summary Highlight

  • BZD withdrawal = life-threatening if untreated
  • Key triad: Tachycardia + Tremor + Anxiety after abrupt discontinuation
  • First-line treatment = Benzodiazepine replacement
  • Refractory cases = Phenobarbital
  • Never give antipsychotics alone
  • Tapering mandatory avoid abrupt stop

āđ„āļĄ่āļĄีāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™:

āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„ิāļ”āđ€āļŦ็āļ™