ðĨ Undifferentiated Shock in Adults
⭐ āļิāļĒāļēāļĄ
Shock = āļ āļēāļ§āļ° cellular/tissue hypoxia
āļāļēāļ O₂ delivery ↓ āļŦāļĢืāļ utilization
↓ āļĄัāļāļāļ
circulatory failure →
āļāļēāļāļŦāļĢืāļāđāļĄ่āļāļēāļāļĄี hypotension
Undifferentiated shock = āļĢู้āļ§่āļēāļĄี shock āđāļ่āļĒัāļāđāļĄ่āļāļĢāļēāļāļŠāļēāđāļŦāļุ
ðĐļ Classification (4 Major
Types)
|
āļāļĢāļ°āđāļ āļ |
āļัāļ§āļāļĒ่āļēāļāļŠāļēāđāļŦāļุ |
Hemodynamics |
Skin |
|
Distributive |
Sepsis, Anaphylaxis, Neurogenic,
Adrenal crisis |
CI ↔/↑, SVR ↓, PCWP ↓/↔ |
Warm early → cool late |
|
Cardiogenic |
AMI, Arrhythmia, Acute valve
failure |
CI ↓,
PCWP ↑, SVR ↑ |
Cool, pulmonary edema |
|
Hypovolemic |
Hemorrhage, dehydration |
CI ↔→↓,
PCWP ↓, SVR ↑ |
Cool, dry |
|
Obstructive |
PE, Tamponade, Tension PTX |
CI ↓,
PCWP ↔/↑ (tamponade) |
JVD ↑, sudden decomp |
ð āđāļĄื่āļāļāļ§āļĢāļŠāļāļŠัāļĒ
Shock
Early signs
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Prolonged
CRT >3 sec
- Elevated
lactate ≥2 mmol/L
- SBP
<90 / MAP <65 (āđāļ่āļāļēāļāļāļāļิāđāļ early shock!)
Indicators of tissue hypoperfusion
- AMS,
oliguria (<0.5 mL/kg/h), mottled/cold skin
- Hyperlactatemia,
metabolic acidosis
āļิāļāļึāļ shock āđāļŠāļĄāļ āđāļĄ้ BP
āļāļāļิ āļ้āļēāļĄี tachycardia + poor perfusion
ð Initial ED Management —
Simultaneous A-B-C-E approach
A – Secure airway →
RSI āļ้āļēāļāļģāđāļ็āļ (āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļ agent āļี่āļāļģāđāļŦ้ hypotension
āđāļĒ่āļĨāļ)
B – O₂, ventilation support (āļĒāļāđāļ§้āļ tension
PTX → decompress āļ่āļāļ)
C – IV/IO 2 āđāļŠ้āļāđāļŦāļ่ → aggressive fluids
- Balanced
crystalloid bolus 500–1000 mL q15–30 min
- āđāļĄ่ delay fluid āđāļŦ้āđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļāļĨัāļ§ heart
failure
D – Disability: mental status
E – Exposure: āļู bleeding / rash / trauma
ð Intervene NOW if
suspected
āļัāļāļŠิāļāđāļāļāļēāļ clinical + POCUS + ECG
|
āļŠāļāļŠัāļĒ |
Intervention |
|
Anaphylaxis |
IM adrenaline 0.3 mg q5–15 min,
airway, fluids |
|
Tension PTX |
Needle decompression → chest tube |
|
Tamponade |
Pericardiocentesis under POCUS |
|
Massive Hemorrhage |
MTP / TXA / Surgical control |
|
Life-threatening Arrhythmia |
ACLS: cardioversion / pacing |
|
Massive PE |
Thrombolysis / embolectomy |
|
Adrenal crisis |
Hydrocortisone 100 mg IV |
āđāļŦ้āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļัāļāļีāđāļĄ้ diagnosis āļĒัāļāđāļĄ่ confirm
ð§Š Diagnostic Workup (āļāļģāļāļĢ้āļāļĄ āđ āļัāļ resuscitation)
Bedside Assessment
- POCUS
(RUSH/ACES protocol)
Heart → IVC → Lung → FAST → Aorta → DVT check
→ āļ่āļ§āļĒāđāļĒāļ shock āļāļิāļāļ่āļēāļ āđ āđāļ้ āđāļĢ็āļ§āļี่āļŠุāļ - ECG:
STEMI? Arrhythmia? RV strain?
Labs (priority)
- Lactate,
ABG/VBG
- CBC
with diff
- CMP
(renal+LFT), electrolytes
- Coags,
D-dimer
- Troponin
/ BNP
- Type&cross
āđāļ suspected bleeding
- Blood/urine
cultures if sepsis suspected
Imaging
- Portable
CXR
- CT
depending on stability (PE, dissection, bleed)
- Echo
formal āđāļĄื่āļāļāļāđāļ้āđāļĢิ่āļĄ stable
ð Hemodynamic Support
1) IV Fluids
- Balanced
crystalloid = first line
- Avoid
starches
- Targets:
MAP ≥65 mmHg, UOP ≥0.5 mL/kg/h, lactate
clearance
2) Vasopressors (āđāļĄื่āļ fluids āđāļĨ้āļ§āļĒัāļ hypoperfusion)
|
Drug |
Use |
|
Norepinephrine |
First-line for most shock |
|
Phenylephrine |
āļ้āļēāļĄี tachyarrhythmia |
|
Add Dobutamine |
Cardiogenic shock with low CI |
⚠️ āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļ vasopressor
āđāļ็āļ first line āđāļ hypovolemia/hemorrhage
ð§ Bedside Clues — Quick
Differential
|
āļĨัāļāļĐāļāļ° |
āļึāļāļึāļ |
|
Warm skin, wide pulse pressure |
Early septic shock |
|
Chest trauma + JVD + ↓breath sound |
Tension PTX |
|
JVD + muffled heart sound |
Tamponade |
|
Sudden dyspnea + RV strain |
PE |
|
Cold + rales + chest pain |
Cardiogenic shock |
|
GI bleed/trauma signs |
Hypovolemia |
|
Urticaria/stridor |
Anaphylaxis |
ð Diagnosis = Clinical
Syndrome
- Hypotension
āļŦāļĢืāļ signs hypoperfusion
- Lactate
≥2–4
mmol/L → high
mortality predictor
- Mixed
or evolving shock āļāļāđāļ้āļ่āļāļĒ
ðĻ Key Practical Pearls
|
Pearl |
Explanation |
|
Shock āđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļ็āļāļ้āļāļ
hypotensive |
āļู perfusion
āđāļ็āļāļŦāļĨัāļ |
|
POCUS = ED game changer |
First imaging āļี่āļāļ§āļĢāļāļģ |
|
āļāļĒ่āļēāļัāļāļ§āļĨ fluids
āļāļēāļ HF/CKD āđāļิāļāđāļāđāļ early phase |
Under-resuscitation ↑ mortality |
|
Lactate trend āļŠāļģāļัāļāļāļ§่āļēāļ่āļēāđāļี่āļĒāļ§ |
āđāļ้ monitor
response |
|
Mixed shock is common |
Treat dominant cause first |
ðŧ Goals of Resuscitation
(ED → ICU)
- MAP ≥65
mmHg
- Lactate
↓ ≥20%
within 2 hrs (āļŦāļĢืāļ clearance ongoing)
- UOP ≥0.5
mL/kg/h
- Mentation
improved
- Skin
warm, CRT <3 sec
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ