ðĐš Metformin Toxicity & MALA
1) INTRODUCTION (āļ āļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļŠāļģāļัāļ)
- Metformin
= biguanide antihyperglycemic
→ āđāļĄ่āđāļ่ hypoglycemic drug āđāļāļĒāļāļĢāļ (āđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļŦ้ hypoglycemia āļ้āļēāđāļ้āđāļี่āļĒāļ§ āđ) - āđāļ้āđāļ็āļ first-line āđāļ T2DM āļั้āļāđāļี่āļĒāļ§ āđāļĨāļ° combination
- āļิāļĐāļŦāļĨัāļ = Lactic acidosis (MALA)
- āđāļิāļāļั้āļāļāļēāļ acute overdose āđāļĨāļ° drug
accumulation āđāļ CKD/AKI, sepsis, heart failure,
hypoxia
- Metformin
āļĒัāļāļāļģāđāļŦ้ hypoglycemia “āļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļāļĒāļēāļื่āļ”
āđāļĨāļ°āļāļģāđāļŦ้āđāļิāļ vitamin B12 deficiency
Phenformin āļูāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļĄี lactic
acidosis āļŠูāļ
Metformin āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠี่āļĒāļāļ่āļģāļāļ§่āļēāđāļ่āļĒัāļāļĄีāđāļāļāļēāļŠāđāļิāļ MALA āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāļēāļ°āđāļĄื่āļāļĄี co-morbidities
2) PHARMACOLOGY & CELLULAR TOXICOLOGY (āđāļ้āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļ้āļēāđāļ
MALA)
āļāļĨāđāļāļāļēāļ metabolic
Metformin:
- ↓ hepatic gluconeogenesis
- ↑ peripheral glucose uptake
- ↓ glucagon effect
- ↑ insulin sensitivity
āļāļĨāđāļāļāļāļ MALA
āđāļิāļāđāļāļ Type B lactic acidosis
1.
āđāļิ่āļĄ lactate production
o āļāļĢāļ°āļุ้āļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĨี่āļĒāļ glucose →
lactate āđāļāļĨāļģāđāļŠ้āđāļĨ็āļ
2.
āļĨāļ lactate clearance
o Inhibit
mitochondrial complex I →
āļŦāļĒุāļ gluconeogenesis āļāļēāļ lactate/pyruvate
3.
āđāļิ่āļĄ nitric oxide → vasodilation → hypotension
→ āđāļิāļ Type
A lactic acidosis āļ้āļģāđāļิāļĄāļāļēāļ tissue hypoperfusion
4.
āļŠāļĢุāļ: lactate āđāļิ่āļĄ + clearance āļĨāļ + hypotension = MALA
āļāļĨ = Severe acidosis, organ failure,
high mortality
3) PHARMACOKINETICS – āļāļģāđāļĄāđāļิāļāļิāļĐāļ่āļēāļĒāđāļ CKD
- Absorbed
āđāļ duodenum/jejunum
- āđāļĄ่āļĄี protein binding
- Vd
āđāļŦāļ่āļĄāļēāļ (1–5 L/kg) →
āđāļĄ่ dialyzable āļ่āļēāļĒ
- āļัāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļāđāļāđāļāļ unmetabolized
- Half-life
~5 āļั่āļ§āđāļĄāļ āđāļāđāļāļāļāļิ
- āļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ่āļēāļĒāđāļ CKD/AKI →
MALA
4) CLINICAL PRESENTATION
āļāļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļิāļี่āļ้āļāļāļāļēāļĄ
- Acute
ingestion? (intentional overdose, āļ้āļģāļĒāļē, āđāļ็āļāļิāļāđāļิāļ)
- Comorbidities:
CKD, HF, liver disease
- Precipitating
illness: sepsis, dehydration, AKI, bowel ischemia
- Co-ingestants:
sulfonylureas, alcohol, acetaminophen, salicylate
Acute overdose
- āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 4–8 āļāļĄ.
- Lactic
acidosis āļāļēāļāļ้āļē 6–12 āļāļĄ.
Accumulation (commonest cause of MALA)
āļĄัāļāļĄāļēāļāļēāļ:
- AKI /
CKD
- Sepsis
- HF
decompensation
- Liver
failure
- Shock
/ hypoxia
āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļĢāļ§āļāļĢ่āļēāļāļāļēāļĒ
- GI
symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
- Tachypnea
(respiratory compensation)
- Hypotension,
shock
- Altered
mental status: agitation →
confusion → coma
- Severe:
respiratory failure, MODS, arrhythmias
MALA indicators
- Lactate
>8 mmol/L (āļĄัāļ 10–20+)
- pH āļ่āļģāļĄāļēāļ (<7.0–7.2)
- High
anion gap
- Creatinine
āļŠูāļāļĄāļēāļ (āļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄ)
Mortality:
- 20–36%
- pH
<6.9 āļŦāļĢืāļ lactate >25 mmol/L → mortality āļŠูāļāļĄāļēāļ
5) LABORATORY TESTS (āļุāļāļāļāļ้āļāļāļāļģ)
1.
BS – exclude hypoglycemia
2.
ABG/VBG – āļ§ัāļ pH,
bicarbonate
3.
Serum lactate
4.
BMP + Creatinine
5.
Liver function + PT/INR
6.
Pregnancy test
7.
Toxicology screen (āļ้āļēāļั้āļāđāļ)
o Acetaminophen
o Salicylate
o Ethanol
8.
ECG – co-ingestants
9.
āļิāļāļēāļĢāļāļē: cultures, CXR, CT
abdomen if ischemia suspected
Metformin level — āđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļ็āļ
- āļ้āļē
- āđāļĄ่āļŠัāļĄāļัāļāļ์āļัāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ
- āđāļ้āđāļ่ confirm āļŦāļēāļāļāļĨ “āđāļĄ่āļāļ → āđāļĄ่āđāļ่
MALA”
6) DIAGNOSIS (āđāļ้āđāļāļāļ์āļ่āļēāļĒ āđ)
Metformin toxicity = āļāļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļิ +
āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļāļāļĨ้āļāļ
āđāļ่āļ overdose āļŦāļĢืāļāļŠāļ°āļŠāļĄāļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļัāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĢ
GI, hypotension, acidosis
MALA = āļ้āļāļāļĄี 3 āļāļāļ์āļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļ
1.
Lactate >4–5 mmol/L
2.
Metabolic acidosis (pH <7.35)
3.
āļĄีāļāļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļิ metformin
exposure
Hyperlactatemia āļāļĒ่āļēāļāđāļีāļĒāļ§āđāļāļĒāđāļĄ่āļĄี acidosis
= āđāļĄ่āđāļ่ MALA
7) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- Sepsis-induced
lactic acidosis
- Bowel
ischemia
- Shock
of any cause
- DKA /
AKA
- Toxic
alcohols (methanol/EG →
āđāļ็āļ osmolal gap)
- Salicylate
toxicity
- Hepatic
failure
- Seizure/post-ictal
lactic acidosis
MALA āļĄัāļ lactate āļŠูāļāļĄāļēāļ
(>8–10)
8) MANAGEMENT – āļŠāļĢุāļāđāļāļĢāļāļŠāļĢ้āļēāļāļāļัāļ ER
A. Supportive care = āļŦัāļ§āđāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļē
- āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒāļĄัāļāļŦāļēāļĒāđāļāđāļĢ็āļ§āđāļื่āļ compensation → āļāļĒ่āļēāļĢีāļ intubate
- āļ้āļēāļ้āļāļ intubate (very acidotic) → manage as physiologically difficult airway
- Ventilator:
āļั้āļāđāļŦ้ high minute ventilation āđāļื่āļāļĢัāļāļĐāļē
pH
- Treat
hypotension: Fluids →
vasopressors
- Treat
arrhythmias āļāļēāļĄ ACLS
B. GI Decontamination (āđāļāļāļēāļ° acute
ingestion)
- Activated
charcoal āđāļ 1 hr
- āļŦāļĨีāļāđāļĨี่āļĒāļāļ้āļēāđāļŠี่āļĒāļ aspiration
C. Hypoglycemia
- Treat
āļāļēāļĄ protocol
- āđāļ่ metformin alone āđāļāļāđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļŦ้ hypoglycemia
D. Severe vasoplegic shock
- Trial:
Methylene blue 1–2 mg/kg IV, repeat up to 6 mg/kg
- āđāļ้āđāļĄื่āļ refractory shock
E. Sodium bicarbonate (controversial, āđāļ่āđāļ้āđāļ้āđāļ
severe acidosis)
- āđāļŦ้āđāļĄื่āļ:
- pH
<7.1
- āļŦāļĢืāļ <7.2 āđāļ AKI āļĢุāļāđāļĢāļ
- āđāļ้āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļĒุāļ pH >7.1–7.3 āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§่āļēāļāļĢāļ dialysis
-āļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļ: Na overload, hypocalcemia, CO₂ retention
F. Hemodialysis = āļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļี่āļ่āļ§āļĒāļีāļ§ิāļ
āđāļāļāļ์āđāļāļ°āļāļģ (Extracorporeal
Treatments in Poisoning Workgroup):
āļ้āļāļāļāļģāļัāļāļีāđāļĄื่āļāļĄีāļ้āļāđāļāļ้āļāļŦāļึ่āļ
- Lactate
>20 mmol/L
- pH
≤7.0
- āđāļĄ่āļีāļึ้āļāļ āļēāļĒāđāļ 2–4 hr āļŦāļĨัāļ supportive
+ bicarbonate
- Severe
shock, AKI, liver failure, altered mental status
āļิāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļāļģāđāļĄื่āļ
- Lactate
15–20
- pH
7.0–7.1
- Cr
>2, oliguria/anuria
- Persistent
hypotension
- Severe
comorbidities
āđāļāļāļิāļ
- Hemodialysis
āļ้āļ§āļĒ bicarbonate bath
- āļāļēāļāļ้āļāļ repeat dialysis
- Stop āđāļĄื่āļ lactate <3 mmol/L + pH >7.35
- CVVH/CVVHD
āļ้āļē unstable āđāļ่ efficacy āļ่āļģāļāļ§่āļē HD
āđāļĄ้āļ§่āļē metformin dialyzability āļāļēāļāļāļĨāļēāļ āđāļ่ dialysis āđāļ้ acidosis +
lactate āđāļ้āđāļĢ็āļ§āļĄāļēāļ → āļ่āļ§āļĒāļีāļ§ิāļ
9) DISPOSITION
āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ overdose:
- Observe
6–8 hr
- āļ้āļēāđāļĄ่āđāļิāļ acidosis/lactate ↑
→ discharge āļāļēāļĄāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ
āļู้āļ่āļ§āļĒ suspected MALA:
- āļ้āļēāļĄี acidosis āļŦāļĢืāļ lactate āļŠูāļ → admit ICU
- āļ้āļēāļŠāļāļŠัāļĒ precipitating disease (sepsis, hypovolemia, heart
failure) → treat
aggressively
10) PEDIATRIC NOTES
- āđāļ็āļāļิāļ >1–2 āđāļĄ็āļ → āđāļŠี่āļĒāļ MALA
- āđāļ็āļāļŠ่āļ§āļāđāļŦāļ่āļĄี GI symptoms āļ่āļāļ
- āļŦāļĨัāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāđāļŦāļĄืāļāļāļู้āđāļŦāļ่
- āļĢāļ°āļ§ัāļ hypoglycemia āļĢ่āļ§āļĄāļĒāļēāļื่āļ
ð Key Takeaways āļŠāļģāļŦāļĢัāļāđāļāļāļĒ์āđāļ§āļāļุāļāđāļิāļ
- Metformin
āđāļāļāđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļŦ้ hypoglycemia
- MALA
= lactate āļŠูāļāļĄāļēāļ + severe acidosis + kidney
dysfunction
- āļāļĒ่āļē intubate āļ้āļēāđāļĄ่āļāļģāđāļ็āļ (physiologically
difficult airway)
- Dialysis
āļืāļāļāļēāļĢāļĢัāļāļĐāļēāļŦāļĨัāļāđāļ severe MALA
- Precipitating
illness āļŠāļģāļัāļāļāļ āđ āļัāļāļāļĢิāļĄāļēāļāļĒāļē
- Lactate
≥15–20
āđāļĨāļ° pH ≤7.1 āļ้āļāļāđāļāļĢีāļĒāļĄāļāļģ
dialysis
āđāļĄ่āļĄีāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ:
āđāļŠāļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļิāļāđāļŦ็āļ